How do I call async function inside redux? - javascript

I have followed this tutorial and I think I have done everything as required however I still have this warning:
Unhandled promise rejection: Error: Actions must be plain objects. Instead, the actual type was: 'Promise'. You may need to add middleware to your store setup to handle dispatching other values, such as 'redux-thunk' to handle dispatching functions. See https://redux.js.org/tutorials/fundamentals/part-4-store#middleware and https://redux.js.org/tutorials/fundamentals/part-6-async-logic#using-the-redux-thunk-middleware for examples.
My code:
Inside folder store this is my index.js file:
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from "redux";
import thunkMiddleware from "redux-thunk";
import { composeWithDevTools } from "redux-devtools-extension";
import rootReducer from "../reducers/index";
const composedEnhancer = composeWithDevTools(applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware));
const store = createStore(rootReducer, composedEnhancer);
export default store;
Inside my App.js file:
...
import store from "./redux/store/index";
...
return (
<Provider store={store}>
<NavigationContainer>
<MainNavigator />
</NavigationContainer>
</Provider>
);
Inside my MainNavigator file:
import { connect } from "react-redux";
import { bindActionCreators } from "redux";
import {someAsyncFunctionFromRedux} from "../../redux/actions/index";
...
const MainComponent = (props) => {
...
useEffect(() => {
async function f() {
await props.someAsyncFunctionFromRedux();
}
f();
}, []);
Inside my actions/index.js
export async function someAsyncFunction() {
return async (dispatch) => {
await firebase
.firestore()
.collection("Users")
.get()
.then( (snapshot) => {
let users = [];
snapshot.docs.map((doc) => {
const data = doc.data();
const id = doc.id;
users.push({id, ...data})
})
dispatch({ type: USERS_STATE_CHANGE, users });
});
};
}

I'm not exactly sure what the issue is, since the code you have provided is not consistent: in MainNavigator you are importing a someAsyncFunctionFromRedux but your example code only has a someAsyncFunction. If it is the same function and just the example is wrong then the problem could be that you are returning an async function from an async function. Try this one (with some code improvements):
export async function someAsyncFunction(dispatch) {
const snapshot = await firebase
.firestore()
.collection("Users")
.get();
const users = snapshot
.docs
.map(({ id, data }) => ({ id, ...data() }));
dispatch({ type: USERS_STATE_CHANGE, users });
}

The better way for using async functions with state management you have to use
Redux-Thunk middleware and it is best practice I think.
see blow link for documentation:
Redux Thunk

Related

Data is not being stored in redux store

store imageI am going to store the data into the react-redux-store but it is not getting stored. I don't understand what I am missing...I have given my code below.
i am trying to store the data from the api but it is not working...
INDEX.JS
import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import App from "./App";
import { Provider } from "react-redux";
import { store } from "./features/store";
ReactDOM.render(
<React.StrictMode>
<Provider store={store}>
<App />
</Provider>
</React.StrictMode>,
document.getElementById("root")
);
STORE.JS
import { configureStore } from "#reduxjs/toolkit";
import moviesReducer from "./movies/movieSlice";
export const store = configureStore({
reducer: moviesReducer,
});
MOVIE SLICE.JS
import { createSlice } from "#reduxjs/toolkit";
const initialstate = {
movies: [],
};
const movieSlice = createSlice({
name: "movies",
initialstate,
reducers: {
addMovies: (state, { payload }) => {
state.movies = payload;
},
},
});
export const { addMovies } = movieSlice.actions;
// export const getAllMovies = (state) => state.movies.movies;
export default movieSlice.reducer;
COMPONENT
import React, { useEffect } from "react";
import { useDispatch } from "react-redux";
import MovieAPI from "../config/MovieAPI";
import { addMovies } from "../features/movies/movieSlice";
const Home = () => {
const dispatch = useDispatch();
const fetchMovies = async () => {
const response = await MovieAPI.get(`?apiKey=1234&s=harry&type=movie`);
console.log(response.data);
dispatch(addMovies(response.data));
};
useEffect(() => {
fetchMovies();
}, []);
For the very first: createSlice expecting to recieve object with property named initialState instead initialstate, notice camelCase naming.
The next one: acording to location and slice name "movies" I may suspect you should define it as: const initialState = [];, due to it is "movies slice" initial state definition itself, otherwise you will have state with something like
state = {movies: {movies: []}}.
Also, you may wish to rewrite addMovies reducer in something like:
addMovies: (moview_slice_state, { payload }) => {
console.log("add movies", payload);
moview_slice_state.push(...payload);
}
where moview_slice_state - state of movies slice of whole state, e.g. state.movies.
By the way, due to #reduxjs/toolkit use immer under the hood you may "modify" state OR return new state, as Andrej Kirejeŭ propose. But NOT the both of them.
P.S. For the future, feel free to create minimal demo for your question or answer, some thing like live demo based on your code
return new state:
addMovies: (state, { payload }) => ({
...state,
movies: payload
}),
by the way, how do you know it is not stored. Please, show the code where you use state data to render some component.

Next.JS Redux dispatch not working in getStaticProps()

I am pretty new to Next.JS and I was trying to set up Redux with my Next.JS application. Now my page is supposed to display a list of posts that I am calling in from an API. The page renders perfectly when I'm dispatching from useEffect() to populate the data on to my page, but getStaticProps() or getServerSideProps() are not working whatsoever!
Here is a bit of code that will give you a hint of what I've done so far:
store.js
import { useMemo } from 'react'
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux'
import { composeWithDevTools } from 'redux-devtools-extension'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import rootReducer from './reducers/rootReducer'
const initialState = {}
const middlewares = [thunk]
let store
function initStore(preloadedState = initialState) {
return createStore(
rootReducer,
preloadedState,
composeWithDevTools(applyMiddleware(...middlewares))
)
}
export const initializeStore = (preloadedState) => {
let _store = store ?? initStore(preloadedState)
if (preloadedState && store) {
_store = initStore({
...store.getState(),
...preloadedState,
})
store = undefined
}
if (typeof window === 'undefined') return _store
if (!store) store = _store
return _store
}
export function useStore(initialState) {
const store = useMemo(() => initializeStore(initialState), [initialState])
return store
}
action.js
export const fetchPosts = () => async dispatch => {
const res = await axios.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts')
dispatch({
type: FETCH_POSTS,
payload: res.data
})
}
_app.js
import { Provider } from 'react-redux'
import { createWrapper } from 'next-redux-wrapper'
import { useStore } from '../redux/store'
export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {
const store = useStore(pageProps.initialReduxState)
return (
<Provider store={store}>
<Component {...pageProps} />
</Provider>
)
}
These are the files that I needed for the basic redux setup. Once my store was set up and I wrapped my app around the Provider, I initially though of using useEffect() hook to populate data on a component that was rendering inside my index.js file.
component.js
import { useEffect } from 'react'
import { useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux'
import { fetchPosts } from '../redux/actions/postsAction'
const Posts = () => {
const dispatch = useDispatch()
const { items } = useSelector(state => state.posts)
useEffect(() => {
dispatch(fetchPosts())
}, [])
return (
<div className="">
<h1>Posts</h1>
{items.map(post => {
return (<div key={post.id}>
<h3>{post.title}</h3>
<p>{post.body}</p>
</div>)
})}
</div>
)
}
export default Posts
This worked perfectly! All my posts were showing up inside the component. The problem occurred when I was trying to achieve the same behaviour with server side rendering (or even SSG). I wanted to populate the data during the pre-render phase but for some reason the items array which is supposed to hold all the data is empty, basically meaning that the disptacher was never called! Here is the piece of code that is bothering me (exactly same as previous code, but this time I'm using getStaticProps() instead of useEffect()):
component.js
import { useEffect } from 'react'
import { useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux'
import { fetchPosts } from '../redux/actions/postsAction'
const Posts = ({ items }) => {
return (
<div className="">
<h1>Posts</h1>
{items.map(post => {
return (<div key={post.id}>
<h3>{post.title}</h3>
<p>{post.body}</p>
</div>)
})}
</div>
)
}
export async function getStaticProps() {
console.log('Props called')
const dispatch = useDispatch()
const { items } = useSelector(state => state.posts)
dispatch(fetchPosts())
console.log(items)
return { props: { items } }
}
export default Posts
By running this, I'm getting an error that items is empty! Please help me, I have no clue what's going wrong here.
Well I fixed this issue myself but I forgot to post an answer for it, my bad!
The problem here really is very simple, hooks don't work outside of a functional component!
I think, inside of getStaticProps just call API or get datas from DB and returns it as props to pages/index.js (any component you want) and inside of this component we can get datas from getStaticProps as props.
Also we can set it as global state using useDispatch of react-redux. After that any component we can call those states using redux mapStateToProps. This is my solution.
This maybe a solution if anyone faced this problem,
import React from 'react';
import {useSelector} from 'react-redux';
import {wrapper} from '../store';
export const getStaticProps = wrapper.getStaticProps(store => ({preview})
=> {
console.log('2. Page.getStaticProps uses the store to dispatch things');
store.dispatch({
type: 'TICK',
payload: 'was set in other page ' + preview,
});
});
// you can also use `connect()` instead of hooks
const Page = () => {
const {tick} = useSelector(state => state);
return <div>{tick}</div>;
};
export default Page;
Got it from here: https://github.com/kirill-konshin/next-redux-wrapper

React js, Cannot read property "0". When calling an API

I cannot able to access the data from the fetch function. I want to pass the data from action to reducer. API is called using an fetch function, api is returned in the form of promise. So, API is called separately and data is returned back to the action payload.
import { INDEX_PRESCRIPTION } from '../constant.js';
function fetch_prescription(){
const base_url= "http://192.168.1.22:3000/api/v1/";
const fetch_url = `${base_url}/prescriptions`;
let datas = [];
return fetch(fetch_url, {
method: "GET"
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => {
datas.push(data['prescriptions'])
return datas
})
}
export const indexPrescription = async () => {
const action = {
type: INDEX_PRESCRIPTION,
details: await fetch_prescription()
}
return action;
console.log('action details', action.details)
}
export const getIndexPrescription = (dispatch) => {
dispatch(indexPrescription());
}
On examining the console, we get:
How to access the prescription details. I tried to access it by action.details["0"]["0"] , but results in 'Cannot read property "0" of undefined '. I have gone through many questions and solution related to this problem, but cant able to study what is going wrong with my code.
Update Here is my index.jsx component
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux';
import { getIndexPrescription } from '../actions/index.js';
class Index extends Component {
constructor(props){
super(props);
this.state = {
prescription: null
}
}
componentWillMount(){
this.props.getIndexPrescription();
}
render(){
return(
<h2>
Prescription Index
</h2>
)
}
}
function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch){
return bindActionCreators({ getIndexPrescription }, dispatch)
}
function mapStateToProps(state){
return {
prescription: state
}
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Index);
And My src/index.js file is
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import {createStore, applyMiddleware} from 'redux';
import thunk from 'redux-thunk';
import {Provider} from 'react-redux';
import reducer from './reducers';
import Index from './components/index.jsx';
const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunk));
ReactDOM.render(
<Provider store={store}>
<Index />
</Provider>, document.getElementById("root")
)
Your promise is resolved only after you have answer from the server. You need to use additional layer in order to handle async behavior in redux.
For example with redux-thunk, you can make it work like this:
import { INDEX_PRESCRIPTION } from '../constant.js';
function fetch_prescription(){
const base_url= "http://192.168.1.22:3000/api/v1/";
const fetch_url = `${base_url}/prescriptions`;
let datas = [];
return fetch(fetch_url, {
method: "GET"
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => data['prescriptions']);
}
export const indexPrescription = (dispatch) => {
fetch_prescription()
.then(details => {
const action = {
type: INDEX_PRESCRIPTION,
details
}
dispatch(action);
}
}
The part you are missing here is that the function fetch_prescription() is asynchronous. So the data may not be available when you are accessing the data.
You are returning the datas before resolving the asnyc function return datas
You may use it as
import { INDEX_PRESCRIPTION } from '../constant.js';
function fetch_prescription(){
const base_url= "http://192.168.1.22:3000/api/v1/";
const fetch_url = `${base_url}/prescriptions`;
let datas = [];
return fetch(fetch_url, {
method: "GET"
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => {
datas.push(data['prescriptions'])
return datas
})
}
export const indexPrescription = async () => {
const action = {
type: INDEX_PRESCRIPTION,
details: await fetch_prescription()
}
return action;
}
export const getIndexPrescription = (dispatch) => {
dispatch(indexPrescription());
}
And dispatch the above action where ever you want.
Call getIndexPrescription() in componentWillMount
Find the code below to add redux-thunk to your application.
...
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import reduxThunk from 'redux-thunk';
...
const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(reduxThunk)(createStore);
const store = createStoreWithMiddleware(reducers);
<Provider store={store}>
...
</Provider>

How to compare (anonymous) function in jest tests?

I am having the following React component connected to a redux store.
import React, { Component } from 'react'
import logo from './logo.svg'
import './App.css'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { getWeather } from './actions/WeatherActions'
import WeatherComponent from './components/weatherComponent/WeatherComponent'
import { get } from 'lodash'
export class App extends Component {
componentDidMount () {
this.props.dispatch(getWeather())
}
render () {
return (
<div className="App">
<div className="App-header">
<img src={logo} className="App-logo" alt="logo" />
<h2>Welcome to React</h2>
</div>
<WeatherComponent
weather={{
location: get(this.props.weatherReducer.weather, 'name'),
temp: get(this.props.weatherReducer.weather, 'main.temp')
}}
/>
</div>
)
}
}
export default connect((store) => {
return {
weatherReducer: store.weatherReducer,
}
})(App)
This component is dispatching the getWeather action using the componentDidMount callback.
The getWeather action is returning an anonymous method upon resolving the axios promise.
import { GET_WEATHER_DONE, GET_WEATHER_ERROR } from './ActionTypes'
import axios from 'axios'
export function getWeather () {
let endpoint = 'http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=London&appid=2a345681ddcde393253af927097f5747'
return function (dispatch) {
return axios.get(endpoint)
.then((response) => {
return dispatch({
type: GET_WEATHER_DONE,
payload: response.data
})
})
.catch((error) => {
return dispatch({
type: GET_WEATHER_ERROR,
payload: error.response.data,
statuscode: error.response.status
})
})
}
}
No I am trying to write a unit test verifying the getWeather action is being dispatched upon mounting. This tests looks as follows and passes.
import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import App from './App'
import configureMockStore from 'redux-mock-store'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import * as actions from './actions/WeatherActions'
describe('app container', () => {
const store = configureMockStore([thunk])({
weatherReducer: {
weather: {}
}
})
const dispatchSpy = jest.fn()
store.dispatch = dispatchSpy
it('dispatches getWeather() action upon rendering', () => {
ReactDOM.render(<App store={store} />, document.createElement('div'))
expect(dispatchSpy.mock.calls[0][0].toString()).toEqual(actions.getWeather().toString())
})
})
Because of the action returning an anonymous method, I need to call the toString method upon my mock to compare the actions.
I recreated this test using snapshot testing.
import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import App from './App'
import configureMockStore from 'redux-mock-store'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
describe('app container', () => {
const store = configureMockStore([thunk])({
weatherReducer: {
weather: {}
}
})
const dispatchSpy = jest.fn()
store.dispatch = dispatchSpy
it('dispatches correct actions upon rendering', () => {
ReactDOM.render(<App store={store} />, document.createElement('div'))
let tree = dispatchSpy.mock.calls.toString()
expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot();
})
})
Again I need to call the toString method, resulting in the following snapshot.
// Jest Snapshot v1,
exports[`app container dispatches correct actions upon rendering 1`] = `
"function (dispatch) {
return _axios2.default.get(endpoint).
then(response => {
return dispatch({
type: _ActionTypes.GET_WEATHER_DONE,
payload: response.data });
}).
catch(error => {
return dispatch({
type: _ActionTypes.GET_WEATHER_ERROR,
payload: error.response.data,
statuscode: error.response.status });
});
}"
`;
Now when running coverage, using the yarn test -- --coverage, my test is failing because of istanbul adding text to my action. The output looks as follows:
FAIL src/App.snapshot.test.js
● app container › dispatches correct actions upon rendering
expect(value).toMatchSnapshot()
Received value does not match stored snapshot 1.
- Snapshot
+ Received
-"function (dispatch) {
- return _axios2.default.get(endpoint).
- then(response => {
- return dispatch({
- type: _ActionTypes.GET_WEATHER_DONE,
- payload: response.data });
+"function (dispatch) {/* istanbul ignore next */cov_2rypo7bhf.f[1]++;cov_2rypo7bhf.s[2]++;
+ return (/* istanbul ignore next */_axios2.default.get(endpoint).
+ then(response => {/* istanbul ignore next */cov_2rypo7bhf.f[2]++;cov_2rypo7bhf.s[3]++;
+ return dispatch({
+ type: /* istanbul ignore next */_ActionTypes.GET_WEATHER_DONE,
+ payload: response.data });
- }).
- catch(error => {
- return dispatch({
- type: _ActionTypes.GET_WEATHER_ERROR,
- payload: error.response.data,
- statuscode: error.response.status });
+ }).
+ catch(error => {/* istanbul ignore next */cov_2rypo7bhf.f[3]++;cov_2rypo7bhf.s[4]++;
+ return dispatch({
+ type: /* istanbul ignore next */_ActionTypes.GET_WEATHER_ERROR,
+ payload: error.response.data,
+ statuscode: error.response.status });
- });
+ }));
}"
at Object.it (src/App.snapshot.test.js:21:18)
at Promise.resolve.then.el (node_modules/p-map/index.js:46:16)
The main problem I am facing is the fact that I need to call the toString method for comparison. What is the correct method for comparing (anonymous) functions in jest testing?
Full source can be found at https://github.com/wvanvlaenderen/react-redux-weathercomponent
So I was able test calls on dispatch by mocking the getWeather action in my test, and verifying the type of the return value on individual calls.
import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import App from './App'
import configureMockStore from 'redux-mock-store'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import * as actions from './actions/WeatherActions'
import { spy } from 'sinon'
describe('app container', () => {
const store = configureMockStore([thunk])({
weatherReducer: {
weather: {}
}
})
const dispatchSpy = spy(store, 'dispatch')
actions.getWeather = jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
return {type: 'fetching weather'}
})
it('dispatches getWeather() action upon rendering', () => {
ReactDOM.render(<App store={store} />, document.createElement('div'))
expect(dispatchSpy.firstCall.returnValue.type).toEqual('fetching weather')
})
})
Snapshot testing was achieved by rendering the call tree on the dispatch spy.
import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import App from './App'
import { spy } from 'sinon'
import configureMockStore from 'redux-mock-store'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import * as actions from './actions/WeatherActions'
describe('app container', () => {
const store = configureMockStore([thunk])({
weatherReducer: {
weather: {}
}
})
const dispatchSpy = spy(store, 'dispatch')
actions.getWeather = jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
return {type: 'fetching weather'}
})
it('dispatches correct actions upon rendering', () => {
ReactDOM.render(<App store={store} />, document.createElement('div'))
expect(dispatchSpy.getCalls()).toMatchSnapshot();
})
})
When testing a redux thunk using Jest, i've used expect.any(Function). All assertion libs have something like this.
ex)
action
const toggleFilter = (toggle, isShown) => {
return dispatch => {
toggle === 'TOGGLE ONE'
? dispatch(toggleSwitchOne(isShown))
: dispatch(toggleSwitchTwo(isShown));
};
};
Test file:
beforeEach(() => {
store = mockStore({ showFruit: false, showVeg: false });
dispatch = jest.fn();
getState = () => store;
})
it('will dispatch action to toggle switch', () => {
let res = toggleFilter(type, isShown)(dispatch, getState);
expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
expect(dispatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.any(Function));
});

Handling api calls in Redux with Axios

Good evening everybody!
I'm a total beginner in React and Redux so please bear with me if this sounds totally stupid. I'm trying to learn how I can perform some API calls in Redux and it's not going all to well. When I console log the request from the action creator the promise value is always "undefined" so I'm not sure if I'm doing this correctly.
My goal is to grab the information from the data inside the payload object and display them inside the component. I've been trying to get this to work for the past days and I'm totally lost.
I'm using Axios for and redux-promise to handle the call.
Any help will be greatly appreciated.
Here's the output from the console.
Action Creator
import axios from 'axios';
export const FETCH_FLIGHT = 'FETCH_FLIGHT';
export function getAllFlights() {
const request = axios.get('http://localhost:3000/flug');
console.log(request);
return {
type: FETCH_FLIGHT,
payload: request
};
}
Reducer
import { FETCH_FLIGHT } from '../actions/index';
export default function(state = [], action) {
switch (action.type) {
case FETCH_FLIGHT:
console.log(action)
return [ action.payload.data, ...state ]
}
return state;
}
Component
import React from 'react';
import { Component } from 'react';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux';
import { getAllFlights } from '../actions/index';
import Destinations from './Destinations';
class App extends Component {
componentWillMount(){
this.props.selectFlight();
}
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
};
}
render() {
return (
<div>
</div>
);
}
function mapStateToProps(state) {
return {
dest: state.icelandair
};
}
function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return bindActionCreators({ selectFlight: getAllFlights }, dispatch);
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(App);
axios is the promise so you need to use then to get your result. You should request your api in a separate file and call your action when the result comes back.
//WebAPIUtil.js
axios.get('http://localhost:3000/flug')
.then(function(result){
YourAction.getAllFlights(result)
});
In your action file will be like this :
export function getAllFlights(request) {
console.log(request);
return {
type: FETCH_FLIGHT,
payload: request
};
}
You can do this with thunk. https://github.com/gaearon/redux-thunk
You can dispatch an action in your then and it will update state when it gets a response from the axios call.
export function someFunction() {
return(dispatch) => {
axios.get(URL)
.then((response) => {dispatch(YourAction(response));})
.catch((response) => {return Promise.reject(response);});
};
}
I also think the best way to do this is by redux-axios-middleware. The setup can be a bit tricky as your store should be configured in a similar way:
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import axiosMiddleware from 'redux-axios-middleware';
import axios from 'axios';
import rootReducer from '../reducers';
const configureStore = () => {
return createStore(
rootReducer,
applyMiddleware(axiosMiddleware(axios))
);
}
const store = configureStore();
And your action creators now look like this:
import './axios' // that's your axios.js file, not the library
export const FETCH_FLIGHT = 'FETCH_FLIGHT';
export const getAllFlights = () => {
return {
type: FETCH_FLIGHT,
payload: {
request: {
method: 'post', // or get
url:'http://localhost:3000/flug'
}
}
}
}
The best way to solve this is by adding redux middlewares http://redux.js.org/docs/advanced/Middleware.html for handling all api requests.
https://github.com/svrcekmichal/redux-axios-middleware is a plug and play middleware you can make use of.
I took care of this task like so:
import axios from 'axios';
export const receiveTreeData = data => ({
type: 'RECEIVE_TREE_DATA', data,
})
export const treeRequestFailed = (err) => ({
type: 'TREE_DATA_REQUEST_FAILED', err,
})
export const fetchTreeData = () => {
return dispatch => {
axios.get(config.endpoint + 'tree')
.then(res => dispatch(receiveTreeData(res.data)))
.catch(err => dispatch(treeRequestFailed(err)))
}
}

Categories