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Why does the function getSafestCountriesNames() return promise{pending} when i call it and when i use async/await it returns undefined?

This is the function:
export const getSafestCountriesNames = async() => {
try{
const names = await getCountriesData();
names.forEach((country) => {
const {score} = country.advisory;
if(score == 0){
const liEl = createDOMElement('li', {className: 'name'});
liEl.innerHTML = `${country.name}`;
return liEl;
}
});
}
// …
}
When I am calling it in here I get undefined:
async function func(){
const names = await getSafestCountriesNames();
console.log(names);
}
func();

It returns Promise{pending} because when a function has the async keyword, it has to return a Promise. See here.
Nonetheless there's a deeper issue in your code. Your return statement is inside the callback of the forEach. That's the return statement of the callback, not the one of getSafestCountriesNames.
Since you need to return a Promise (for you're using await), you can either wrap your logic inside something like:
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// your logic here, resolving or rejecting instead of just returning
})
or keeping things simple: return Promise.resolve("something")
When you call the function with await, it resolves undefined because you're not resolving anything in your Promise.

How to make async/await actually wait [duplicate]

I read that async functions marked by the async keyword implicitly return a promise:
async function getVal(){
return await doSomethingAync();
}
var ret = getVal();
console.log(ret);
but that is not coherent...assuming doSomethingAsync() returns a promise, and the await keyword will return the value from the promise, not the promise itsef, then my getVal function should return that value, not an implicit promise.
So what exactly is the case? Do functions marked by the async keyword implicitly return promises or do we control what they return?
Perhaps if we don't explicitly return something, then they implicitly return a promise...?
To be more clear, there is a difference between the above and
function doSomethingAync(charlie) {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(charlie || 'yikes');
}, 100);
})
}
async function getVal(){
var val = await doSomethingAync(); // val is not a promise
console.log(val); // logs 'yikes' or whatever
return val; // but this returns a promise
}
var ret = getVal();
console.log(ret); //logs a promise
In my synopsis the behavior is indeed inconsistent with traditional return statements. It appears that when you explicitly return a non-promise value from an async function, it will force wrap it in a promise.
I don't have a big problem with it, but it does defy normal JS.

The return value will always be a promise. If you don't explicitly return a promise, the value you return will automatically be wrapped in a promise.
async function increment(num) {
return num + 1;
}
// Even though you returned a number, the value is
// automatically wrapped in a promise, so we call
// `then` on it to access the returned value.
//
// Logs: 4
increment(3).then(num => console.log(num));
Same thing even if there's no return! (Promise { undefined } is returned)
async function increment(num) {}
Same thing even if there's an await.
function defer(callback) {
return new Promise(function(resolve) {
setTimeout(function() {
resolve(callback());
}, 1000);
});
}
async function incrementTwice(num) {
const numPlus1 = await defer(() => num + 1);
return numPlus1 + 1;
}
// Logs: 5
incrementTwice(3).then(num => console.log(num));
Promises auto-unwrap, so if you do return a promise for a value from within an async function, you will receive a promise for the value (not a promise for a promise for the value).
function defer(callback) {
return new Promise(function(resolve) {
setTimeout(function() {
resolve(callback());
}, 1000);
});
}
async function increment(num) {
// It doesn't matter whether you put an `await` here.
return defer(() => num + 1);
}
// Logs: 4
increment(3).then(num => console.log(num));
In my synopsis the behavior is indeed inconsistent with traditional
return statements. It appears that when you explicitly return a
non-promise value from an async function, it will force wrap it in a
promise. I don't have a big problem with it, but it does defy normal
JS.
ES6 has functions which don't return exactly the same value as the return. These functions are called generators.
function* foo() {
return 'test';
}
// Logs an object.
console.log(foo());
// Logs 'test'.
console.log(foo().next().value);

Yes, an async function will always return a promise.
According to the tc39 spec, an async function desugars to a generator which yields Promises.
Specifically:
async function <name>?<argumentlist><body>
Desugars to:
function <name>?<argumentlist>{ return spawn(function*() <body>, this); }
Where spawn "is a call to the following algorithm":
function spawn(genF, self) {
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
var gen = genF.call(self);
function step(nextF) {
var next;
try {
next = nextF();
} catch(e) {
// finished with failure, reject the promise
reject(e);
return;
}
if(next.done) {
// finished with success, resolve the promise
resolve(next.value);
return;
}
// not finished, chain off the yielded promise and `step` again
Promise.resolve(next.value).then(function(v) {
step(function() { return gen.next(v); });
}, function(e) {
step(function() { return gen.throw(e); });
});
}
step(function() { return gen.next(undefined); });
});
}

Your question is: If I create an async function should it return a promise or not? Answer: just do whatever you want and Javascript will fix it for you.
Suppose doSomethingAsync is a function that returns a promise. Then
async function getVal(){
return await doSomethingAsync();
}
is exactly the same as
async function getVal(){
return doSomethingAsync();
}
You probably are thinking "WTF, how can these be the same?" and you are right. The async will magically wrap a value with a Promise if necessary.
Even stranger, the doSomethingAsync can be written to sometimes return a promise and sometimes NOT return a promise. Still both functions are exactly the same, because the await is also magic. It will unwrap a Promise if necessary but it will have no effect on things that are not Promises.

Just add await before your function when you call it :
var ret = await getVal();
console.log(ret);

async doesn't return the promise, the await keyword awaits the resolution of the promise. async is an enhanced generator function and await works a bit like yield
I think the syntax (I am not 100% sure) is
async function* getVal() {...}
ES2016 generator functions work a bit like this. I have made a database handler based in top of tedious which you program like this
db.exec(function*(connection) {
if (params.passwd1 === '') {
let sql = 'UPDATE People SET UserName = #username WHERE ClinicianID = #clinicianid';
let request = connection.request(sql);
request.addParameter('username',db.TYPES.VarChar,params.username);
request.addParameter('clinicianid',db.TYPES.Int,uid);
yield connection.execSql();
} else {
if (!/^\S{4,}$/.test(params.passwd1)) {
response.end(JSON.stringify(
{status: false, passwd1: false,passwd2: true}
));
return;
}
let request = connection.request('SetPassword');
request.addParameter('userID',db.TYPES.Int,uid);
request.addParameter('username',db.TYPES.NVarChar,params.username);
request.addParameter('password',db.TYPES.VarChar,params.passwd1);
yield connection.callProcedure();
}
response.end(JSON.stringify({status: true}));
}).catch(err => {
logger('database',err.message);
response.end(JSON.stringify({status: false,passwd1: false,passwd2: false}));
});
Notice how I just program it like normal synchronous particularly at
yield connection.execSql and at yield connection.callProcedure
The db.exec function is a fairly typical Promise based generator
exec(generator) {
var self = this;
var it;
return new Promise((accept,reject) => {
var myConnection;
var onResult = lastPromiseResult => {
var obj = it.next(lastPromiseResult);
if (!obj.done) {
obj.value.then(onResult,reject);
} else {
if (myConnection) {
myConnection.release();
}
accept(obj.value);
}
};
self._connection().then(connection => {
myConnection = connection;
it = generator(connection); //This passes it into the generator
onResult(); //starts the generator
}).catch(error => {
reject(error);
});
});
}

Using async / await when the async function does not return a Promise [duplicate]

I read that async functions marked by the async keyword implicitly return a promise:
async function getVal(){
return await doSomethingAync();
}
var ret = getVal();
console.log(ret);
but that is not coherent...assuming doSomethingAsync() returns a promise, and the await keyword will return the value from the promise, not the promise itsef, then my getVal function should return that value, not an implicit promise.
So what exactly is the case? Do functions marked by the async keyword implicitly return promises or do we control what they return?
Perhaps if we don't explicitly return something, then they implicitly return a promise...?
To be more clear, there is a difference between the above and
function doSomethingAync(charlie) {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
setTimeout(function () {
resolve(charlie || 'yikes');
}, 100);
})
}
async function getVal(){
var val = await doSomethingAync(); // val is not a promise
console.log(val); // logs 'yikes' or whatever
return val; // but this returns a promise
}
var ret = getVal();
console.log(ret); //logs a promise
In my synopsis the behavior is indeed inconsistent with traditional return statements. It appears that when you explicitly return a non-promise value from an async function, it will force wrap it in a promise.
I don't have a big problem with it, but it does defy normal JS.

The return value will always be a promise. If you don't explicitly return a promise, the value you return will automatically be wrapped in a promise.
async function increment(num) {
return num + 1;
}
// Even though you returned a number, the value is
// automatically wrapped in a promise, so we call
// `then` on it to access the returned value.
//
// Logs: 4
increment(3).then(num => console.log(num));
Same thing even if there's no return! (Promise { undefined } is returned)
async function increment(num) {}
Same thing even if there's an await.
function defer(callback) {
return new Promise(function(resolve) {
setTimeout(function() {
resolve(callback());
}, 1000);
});
}
async function incrementTwice(num) {
const numPlus1 = await defer(() => num + 1);
return numPlus1 + 1;
}
// Logs: 5
incrementTwice(3).then(num => console.log(num));
Promises auto-unwrap, so if you do return a promise for a value from within an async function, you will receive a promise for the value (not a promise for a promise for the value).
function defer(callback) {
return new Promise(function(resolve) {
setTimeout(function() {
resolve(callback());
}, 1000);
});
}
async function increment(num) {
// It doesn't matter whether you put an `await` here.
return defer(() => num + 1);
}
// Logs: 4
increment(3).then(num => console.log(num));
In my synopsis the behavior is indeed inconsistent with traditional
return statements. It appears that when you explicitly return a
non-promise value from an async function, it will force wrap it in a
promise. I don't have a big problem with it, but it does defy normal
JS.
ES6 has functions which don't return exactly the same value as the return. These functions are called generators.
function* foo() {
return 'test';
}
// Logs an object.
console.log(foo());
// Logs 'test'.
console.log(foo().next().value);

Yes, an async function will always return a promise.
According to the tc39 spec, an async function desugars to a generator which yields Promises.
Specifically:
async function <name>?<argumentlist><body>
Desugars to:
function <name>?<argumentlist>{ return spawn(function*() <body>, this); }
Where spawn "is a call to the following algorithm":
function spawn(genF, self) {
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
var gen = genF.call(self);
function step(nextF) {
var next;
try {
next = nextF();
} catch(e) {
// finished with failure, reject the promise
reject(e);
return;
}
if(next.done) {
// finished with success, resolve the promise
resolve(next.value);
return;
}
// not finished, chain off the yielded promise and `step` again
Promise.resolve(next.value).then(function(v) {
step(function() { return gen.next(v); });
}, function(e) {
step(function() { return gen.throw(e); });
});
}
step(function() { return gen.next(undefined); });
});
}

Your question is: If I create an async function should it return a promise or not? Answer: just do whatever you want and Javascript will fix it for you.
Suppose doSomethingAsync is a function that returns a promise. Then
async function getVal(){
return await doSomethingAsync();
}
is exactly the same as
async function getVal(){
return doSomethingAsync();
}
You probably are thinking "WTF, how can these be the same?" and you are right. The async will magically wrap a value with a Promise if necessary.
Even stranger, the doSomethingAsync can be written to sometimes return a promise and sometimes NOT return a promise. Still both functions are exactly the same, because the await is also magic. It will unwrap a Promise if necessary but it will have no effect on things that are not Promises.

Just add await before your function when you call it :
var ret = await getVal();
console.log(ret);

async doesn't return the promise, the await keyword awaits the resolution of the promise. async is an enhanced generator function and await works a bit like yield
I think the syntax (I am not 100% sure) is
async function* getVal() {...}
ES2016 generator functions work a bit like this. I have made a database handler based in top of tedious which you program like this
db.exec(function*(connection) {
if (params.passwd1 === '') {
let sql = 'UPDATE People SET UserName = #username WHERE ClinicianID = #clinicianid';
let request = connection.request(sql);
request.addParameter('username',db.TYPES.VarChar,params.username);
request.addParameter('clinicianid',db.TYPES.Int,uid);
yield connection.execSql();
} else {
if (!/^\S{4,}$/.test(params.passwd1)) {
response.end(JSON.stringify(
{status: false, passwd1: false,passwd2: true}
));
return;
}
let request = connection.request('SetPassword');
request.addParameter('userID',db.TYPES.Int,uid);
request.addParameter('username',db.TYPES.NVarChar,params.username);
request.addParameter('password',db.TYPES.VarChar,params.passwd1);
yield connection.callProcedure();
}
response.end(JSON.stringify({status: true}));
}).catch(err => {
logger('database',err.message);
response.end(JSON.stringify({status: false,passwd1: false,passwd2: false}));
});
Notice how I just program it like normal synchronous particularly at
yield connection.execSql and at yield connection.callProcedure
The db.exec function is a fairly typical Promise based generator
exec(generator) {
var self = this;
var it;
return new Promise((accept,reject) => {
var myConnection;
var onResult = lastPromiseResult => {
var obj = it.next(lastPromiseResult);
if (!obj.done) {
obj.value.then(onResult,reject);
} else {
if (myConnection) {
myConnection.release();
}
accept(obj.value);
}
};
self._connection().then(connection => {
myConnection = connection;
it = generator(connection); //This passes it into the generator
onResult(); //starts the generator
}).catch(error => {
reject(error);
});
});
}

Is it possible to return a value from then()? [duplicate]

This question already has answers here:
How do I return the response from an asynchronous call?
(41 answers)
Closed 4 years ago.
I have read that a when you return a value from then() it gets wrapped in a Promise and gets returned as a promise. Is there a way to return just a value and NOT a promise object?
function TestPromise() {
//someAsyncFunction returns a Promise.
return someAsyncFunction();
}
//Assume valueFromPromise = 2;
//After the addition newValue becomes 3
//And we return 3 instead of 3 wrapped up in a Promise.
function someFunction() {
return latestValue = TestPromise().then(valueFromPromise => {
newValue = valueFromPromise + 1;
return newValue;
});
}
function main() {
let value = someFunction();
//Use value here to do something.
}
I know what I am asking can be achieved via async/await. But I want to properly understand Promises.
Thanks

It may help to realize what is happening under the hood. Promises are really just syntax sugar around the old callbacks.
function TestPromise() {
//someAsyncFunction returns a Promise.
return someAsyncFunction();
}
function someAsyncFunction() {
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
fetchSomeValue()
.then(function(someValue) {
resolve(someValue);
});
}
Until the Promise has called the resolve() callback, there is no way to get that data. async/await really is quite clean, I'm not sure why you would want to avoid it.
function TestPromise() {
//someAsyncFunction returns a Promise.
return someAsyncFunction();
}
//Assume valueFromPromise = 2;
//After the addition newValue becomes 3
//And we return 3 instead of 3 wrapped up in a Promise.
async function someFunction() {
const valueFromPromise = await TestPromise();
return valueFromPromise + 1;
}
async function main() {
let value = await someFunction();
//Use value here to do something.
}

Short answer to the question in title:
no with vanilla promises, and yes with async await.
Long answer:
Value produced from TestPromise() can only be accessed inside the subsequent .then or .catch when working with vanilla Promises.
And then itself is creating and returning a Promise Object every time you call it, so you can have your Promise resolutions for every then separate.
Say:
const p = new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 2000);
}).then((val) => {
console.log(val);
return new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve(2), 1000);
})
}).then((val) => {
console.log(val);
return 3
});
p.then(console.log);
Async/Await is just a sugar over Promises and Generators which does the aforementioned for you and unwraps the promise value and passes it to you like here:
async function someFunction() {
const valueFromPromise = /* here it passes the unwrapped value back after await */await TestPromise();
return valueFromPromise + 1;
}
But still async function itself is a promise, so you have to receive its value either as attaching another then to async function like this:
someFunction().then(finalValue => console.log(finalValue)
or by using it within another async function again with unwrapping through await like this:
async function outerAsyncFunction() {
const finalValue = await someFunction();
console.log(finalValue);
}

Difference between async/await and ES6 yield with generators

I was just reading this fantastic article «Generators» and it clearly highlights this function, which is a helper function for handling generator functions:
function async(makeGenerator){
return function () {
var generator = makeGenerator.apply(this, arguments);
function handle(result){
// result => { done: [Boolean], value: [Object] }
if (result.done) return Promise.resolve(result.value);
return Promise.resolve(result.value).then(function (res){
return handle(generator.next(res));
}, function (err){
return handle(generator.throw(err));
});
}
try {
return handle(generator.next());
} catch (ex) {
return Promise.reject(ex);
}
}
}
which I hypothesize is more or less the way the async keyword is implemented with async/await. So the question is, if that is the case, then what the heck is the difference between the await keyword and the yield keyword? Does await always turn something into a promise, whereas yield makes no such guarantee? That is my best guess!
You can also see how async/await is similar to yield with generators in this article where he describes the 'spawn' function ES7 async functions.

Well, it turns out that there is a very close relationship between async/await and generators. And I believe async/await will always be built on generators. If you look at the way Babel transpiles async/await:
Babel takes this:
this.it('is a test', async function () {
const foo = await 3;
const bar = await new Promise(resolve => resolve('7'));
const baz = bar * foo;
console.log(baz);
});
and turns it into this
function _asyncToGenerator(fn) {
return function () {
var gen = fn.apply(this, arguments);
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
function step(key, arg) {
try {
var info = gen[key](arg);
var value = info.value;
} catch (error) {
reject(error);
return;
}
if (info.done) {
resolve(value);
} else {
return Promise.resolve(value).then(function (value) {
return step("next", value);
}, function (err) {
return step("throw", err);
});
}
}
return step("next");
});
};
}
this.it('is a test', _asyncToGenerator(function* () { // << now it's a generator
const foo = yield 3; // <<< now it's yield, not await
const bar = yield new Promise(resolve => resolve(7));
const baz = bar * foo;
console.log(baz);
}));
you do the math.
This makes it look like the async keyword is just that wrapper function, but if that's the case then await just gets turned into yield, there will probably be a bit more to the picture later on when they become native.
You can see more of an explanation for this here:
https://www.promisejs.org/generators/

yield can be considered to be the building block of await. yield takes the value it's given and passes it to the caller. The caller can then do whatever it wishes with that value (1). Later the caller may give a value back to the generator (via generator.next()) which becomes the result of the yield expression (2), or an error that will appear to be thrown by the yield expression (3).
async-await can be considered to use yield. At (1) the caller (i.e. the async-await driver - similar to the function you posted) will wrap the value in a promise using a similar algorithm to new Promise(r => r(value) (note, not Promise.resolve, but that's not a big deal). It then waits for the promise to resolve. If it fulfills, it passes the fulfilled value back at (2). If it rejects, it throws the rejection reason as an error at (3).
So the utility of async-await is this machinery that uses yield to unwrap the yielded value as a promise and pass its resolved value back, repeating until the function returns its final value.

what the heck is the difference between the await keyword and the yield keyword?
The await keyword is only to be used in async functions, while the yield keyword is only to be used in generator function*s. And those are obviously different as well - the one returns promises, the other returns generators.
Does await always turn something into a promise, whereas yield makes no such guarantee?
Yes, await will call Promise.resolve on the awaited value.
yield just yields the value outside of the generator.

tl;dr
Use async/await 99% of the time over generators. Why?
async/await directly replaces the most common workflow of promise chains allowing code to be declared as if it was synchronous, dramatically simplifying it.
Generators abstract the use case where you would call a series of async-operations that depend on each other and eventually will be in a "done" state. The most simple example would be paging through results that eventually return the last set but you would only call a page as needed, not immediately in succession.
async/await is actually an abstraction built on top of generators to make working with promises easier.
See very in-depth Explanation of Async/Await vs. Generators

Try this test programs which I used to understand await/async with promises.
Program #1: without promises it doesn't run in sequence
function functionA() {
console.log('functionA called');
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('functionA timeout called');
return 10;
}, 15000);
}
function functionB(valueA) {
console.log('functionB called');
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('functionB timeout called = ' + valueA);
return 20 + valueA;
}, 10000);
}
function functionC(valueA, valueB) {
console.log('functionC called');
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('functionC timeout called = ' + valueA);
return valueA + valueB;
}, 10000);
}
async function executeAsyncTask() {
const valueA = await functionA();
const valueB = await functionB(valueA);
return functionC(valueA, valueB);
}
console.log('program started');
executeAsyncTask().then(function(response) {
console.log('response called = ' + response);
});
console.log('program ended');
Program #2: with promises
function functionA() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
console.log('functionA called');
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('functionA timeout called');
// return 10;
return resolve(10);
}, 15000);
});
}
function functionB(valueA) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
console.log('functionB called');
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('functionB timeout called = ' + valueA);
return resolve(20 + valueA);
}, 10000);
});
}
function functionC(valueA, valueB) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
console.log('functionC called');
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('functionC timeout called = ' + valueA);
return resolve(valueA + valueB);
}, 10000);
});
}
async function executeAsyncTask() {
const valueA = await functionA();
const valueB = await functionB(valueA);
return functionC(valueA, valueB);
}
console.log('program started');
executeAsyncTask().then(function(response) {
console.log('response called = ' + response);
});
console.log('program ended');

In many ways, generators are a superset of async/await. Right now async/await has cleaner stack traces than co, the most popular async/await-like generator based lib. You can implement your own flavor of async/await using generators and add new features, like built-in support for yield on non-promises or building it on RxJS observables.
So, in short, generators give you more flexibility and generator-based libs generally have more features. But async/await is a core part of the language, it's standardized and won't change under you, and you don't need a library to use it. I have a blog post with more details on the difference between async/await and generators.

The yield+gen.next()-as-a-language-feature can be used to describe (or implement) the underlying control-flow that await-async has abstracted away.
As other answers suggest, await-as-a-language-feature is (or can be thought of) an implementation on top of yield.
Here is a more intutive understanding for that:
Say we have 42 awaits in an async function, await A -> await B -> ...
Deep down it is equivalent to having yield A -> tries resolve this as a Promise [1]
-> if resolvable, we yield B, and repeat [1] for B
-> if not resolveable, we throw
And so we end up with 42 yields in a generator. And in our controller we simply keep doing gen.next() until it is completed or gets rejected. (ie this is the same as using await on an async function that contains 42 await.)
This is why lib like redux-saga utilizes generator to then pipe the promises to the saga middleware to be resolved all at one place; thus decoupling the Promises constructions from their evaluations, thus sharing close resemblance to the Free Monad.

The idea is to recursively chain then() calls to replicate the behavior of await which allows one to invoke async routines in a synchronous fashion. A generator function is used to yield back control (and each value) from the callee to the caller, which happens to be the _asyncToGenerator() wrapper function.
As mentioned above, this is the trick that Babel uses to create polyfills. I slightly edited the code to make it more readable and added comments.
(async function () {
const foo = await 3;
const bar = await new Promise((resolve) => resolve(7));
const baz = bar * foo;
console.log(baz);
})();
function _asyncToGenerator(fn) {
return function () {
let gen = fn(); // Start the execution of the generator function and store the generator object.
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
function step(func, arg) {
try {
let item = gen[func](arg); // Retrieve the function object from the property name and invoke it. Similar to eval(`gen.${func}(arg)`) but safer. If the next() method is called on the generator object, the item value by the generator function is saved and the generator resumes execution. The value passed as an argument is assigned as a result of a yield expression.
if (item.done) {
resolve(item.value);
return; // The executor return value is ignored, but we need to stop the recursion here.
}
// The trick is that Promise.resolve() returns a promise object that is resolved with the value given as an argument. If that value is a promise object itself, then it's simply returned as is.
return Promise.resolve(item.value).then(
(v) => step("next", v),
(e) => step("throw", e)
);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
return;
}
}
return step("next");
});
};
}
_asyncToGenerator(function* () { // <<< Now it's a generator function.
const foo = yield 3; // <<< Now it's yield, not await.
const bar = yield new Promise((resolve, reject) => resolve(7)); // <<< Each item is converted to a thenable object and recursively enclosed into chained then() calls.
const baz = bar * foo;
console.log(baz);
})();