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General Term For Getting Property Of A Nullable Object

Considering the JavaScript below:
var foo = undefined;
if(foo?.bar == true){
console.log("Wow. Impossible...");
}
Is there a general programming term for the ?. following the foo variable?
This allows you to compare a member of a potentially null object without having to explicitly check if the variable is null.
I'd like to be able to see if this functionality exists in other languages, but I'm not really sure what to look up.

It is known as Optional Chaining in JS.
Ref:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Optional_chaining
https://javascript.info/optional-chaining
It is known differently in different languages, e.g. in C# it is called Null-Conditional.

Functional use of Array.includes causes TypeError [duplicate]

This question already has answers here:
How to access the correct `this` inside a callback
(13 answers)
Closed 23 days ago.
I would expect [1].some([1].includes) to return true, instead I get an error saying:
Uncaught TypeError: Cannot convert undefined or null to object.
Any ideas what would cause this? As I understand, Array.some accepts a function invoked per array item, which [1].includes should fulfill.

You lose the context when you pass that function as is: when it's invoked as a callback, value of this inside it is undefined in strict mode (and global object in non-strict mode), not [1]. To address this issue, you may fix the context:
[1].some([].includes.bind([1]))
Note that it doesn't matter which array is used to access includes function; you might as well write that as...
[1].some( Array.prototype.includes.bind([1]) )
That's be a bit less concise, but a bit more efficient (as no immediate array is created). Still, it almost never should be a bottleneck; thus you should better optimize for readability.
Unfortunately, this won't be enough. See, Array.includes() uses two parameters:
arr.includes(searchElement[, fromIndex])
... and Array.some() does supply it with those two (even three in fact, but only two are used by includes). That's why this...
[1,2,3].some([].includes.bind([1])); // true
... works, but this...
[2,1,3].some([].includes.bind([1])); // false
... doesn't: the lookups in [1] array start from 0th, 1st, 2nd elements - and apparently fail after the first one.
To fix this, you might either create a function that takes exactly one argument with something like lodash's _.unary:
[2,1,3].some(_.unary([].includes.bind([1]))) // now we're talking!
... or bite the bullet and use arrow function instead. Note that you can still use a function with a bound context here:
const checker = [].includes.bind([1]);
[2,1,3].some(el => checker(el));
... to make this more flexible.

It depends on the specific implementation of includes in whatever JS engine you are using, but usually the standard library functions are not very co-operative for point-free style programming.
Generally this is because the context (this) is not assigned as intended. This can be shown by trying the following:
[1].some([1].includes); // Error
[1].some([1].includes.bind([1])) // true
Edit: This answer is not entirely correct. You should probably read rain77ow's answer above

Optional Chaining in JavaScript [duplicate]

This question already has answers here:
Null-safe property access (and conditional assignment) in ES6/2015
(11 answers)
Closed 2 years ago.
I've been programming a lot in Swift recently. Today I did some work in JavaScipt when question popped up to me:
Is there something similar to optional chaining in JavaScript? A way to prevent undefined is not an object without any variables?
Example:
function test(){
if(new Date() % 2){
return {value: function(){/*code*/}};
}
}
test().value();
will fail half of time because sometimes test returns undefined.
The only solution I can think of is a function:
function oc(object, key){
if(object){
return object[key]();
}
}
oc(test(), 'value');
I would like to be able to do something like:
test()?.value()
The part after the question mark is only executed if test returned an object.
But this is not very elegeant. Is there something better? A magic combination of operators?
Edit I know I could rewrite test to return something. But I'm wondering if there's something like optional chaining. I'm not interested in a particular solution to the above example. Something that I also can use if have no control over the function returning undefined.

This is currently a Stage 4 proposal you can check on the progress of it here:
https://github.com/tc39/proposal-optional-chaining
You can use the babel plugin today:
https://www.npmjs.com/package/babel-plugin-transform-optional-chaining
Update 11th January 2020:
Babel now supports optional chaining by default
https://babeljs.io/blog/2020/01/11/7.8.0
The Optional Chaining operator is spelled ?.. It may appear in three positions:
obj?.prop // optional static property access
obj?.[expr] // optional dynamic property access
func?.(...args) // optional function or method call
Notes:
In order to allow foo?.3:0 to be parsed as foo ? .3 : 0 (as required for backward compatibility), a simple lookahead is added at the level of the lexical grammar, so that the sequence of characters ?. is not interpreted as a single token in that situation (the ?. token must not be immediately followed by a decimal digit).
Also worth checking out:
https://github.com/tc39/proposal-nullish-coalescing
https://github.com/babel/babel/tree/master/packages/babel-plugin-proposal-nullish-coalescing-operator

In plain JavaScript you have to do type checks or structure your code so that you know an object will exist.
CoffeeScript, a language that compiles down to JavaScript, provides an existential operator ?. for safe chaining if you're willing to consider a preprocessed language.
There's another discussion here about why you can't reproduce this behavior in JS.
There is also a discussion on the ESDiscuss forums about adding an existential operator to a future version of JavaScript. It doesn't seem very far along though, certainly nowhere close to practical use. More of an idea at this point.

Optional chaining has landed in JS. We can use optional chaining via the ?. operator in object property access. It allows us to try accessing properties of objects which might not exists (i.e. are undefined) without throwing an error.
Here is a code example:
const obj = {
foo: {
bar: 1
}
};
// If we try to access property which doesn't exists
// it just returns undefined
console.log(obj.baz);
try {
// Now we try to access a property of undefined which throws an error
obj.baz.foz;
} catch (e) {
console.dir(e.message);
}
// Now we use the optional chaining operator ?.
// We get undefined instead of an error
console.log(obj.baz?.foz);
console.log(obj.foo?.bar);

You can use
test() && test().value();
or
var testResult = test();
testResult && testResult.value();
If you ask me this is most similar to Swift's optional chaining.

var Obj = {Prop: {name: 'peter'}}
console.log(Obj.Prop.name)
console.log(Obj?.Prop?.name)
In the first sentence, you're just accessing object properties. The problem with that is that if you find Prop to be something other than an object, it will throw an exception. That's the reason of the optional chainig operator.
Lets say you try to do Obj.Prop2.name.
You'll get Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'name' of undefined
if Instead you did Obj.Prop2?.name, You'll only receive undefined as a value, instead of an exception.
This is particularly useful when accessing deeply nested properties.
WARNING: This is a relatively new JS feature that's not yet implemented in all browsers, so be careful while using it for production applications.

Optional Chaining is finally in the JavaScript standard!
Here are a few examples:
// properties
foo?.bar
foo?.bar()
foo?.bar.baz()
foo?.bar?.baz()
// indexing
foo?.[0]
foo?.['bar']
// check if a function is defined before invoking
foo?.()
foo.bar?.()
foo?.bar?.()
And this is way better than what most people use for manually checking for nulls
Instead of evaluating
foo?.bar
to this little code snippet we are all used to writing
foo ? foo.bar : null
it actually evaluates to
foo == null ? undefined : foo.bar
which works for all the falsey values like an empty string, 0 or false.
Unrelated to the question, but you might also be interested in the ?? operator.
It has a similar purpose as || except it only checks for null or undefined.
For example:
foo ?? bar
would be the same as:
foo != null ? foo : bar
This is a very new feature, so even thought a lot of users already use a browser that supports this you will still want to use a tool to convert it to an older version of javascript.

What about returning a noop function that does nothing when the condition isn't met?
function test(){
if(new Date() % 2){
return {value: function(){/*code*/}};
}
return {value: function(){ /* just return a type consistent with the function above */ }
}

You can always return this; if test is a object method.
But why do you want to prevent such errors by creating mock functions?

Question mark syntax from CoffeeScript without CoffeeScript

CoffeeScript has such syntax sugar:
item.getFoo?().fooParam?.bar
Which translates into long javascript equivalent with getFoo==null and fooParam==null checks. The question is: are there any ways to use this syntax in vanilla javascript with a library/translator/compiler other than CoffeeScript? We use Traceur in our project, but it doesn't have such syntax because it is not ES6 compliant (although I wish it to). Maybe some way to implement it within Traceur fork?

If you don't want the exact CoffeeScript semantics, you can cheat a bit:
return item.getFoo ? (item.getFoo().fooParam || {}).bar : undefined;
There are a few tricks going on here.
The ternary operator is used to test the truthiness of item.getFoo
If fooParam is missing, falsey, or absent, we substitute it with an empty object. CoffeeScript would have bailed out here.
We return the value of bar regardless of whether it exists. If it does exist, you get the value you want. If it doesn't exist but fooParam is set, you get undefined. If it doesn't exist because fooParam was undefined and we fell back to {}, you still get undefined.
You can write some helpers if the ternary operator gets in the way:
function defaultObject(input) { // A helper to put somewhere
return input || {};
}
return defaultObject((item.getFoo || defaultObject)().fooParam).bar;
This is even trickier: defaultObject will return {} when called with getFoo, so you don't need a ternary operator around the function call. If fooParam isn't truthy, defaultObject will return another empty object, eliminating the need for another ||. If fooParam is truthy, defaultObject behaves like the identity function and returns it.
I'm sure this could be golfed further down, but I'd recommend avoiding this pattern. Anyone reading your code will be fairly confused and blame you for making a mess in the codebase.

I had this same question recently, and I came here hoping for a better solution than my current one. If you're doing this frequently, it's easier to make a function to do it for you:
var qm = function(arg) {
if (arg instanceof Object) return arg;
return function(){};
};
Then to use it, you wrap your objects in it to make sure no error is raised. It starts to look ugly if there are many question marks on a line
qm(qm(item.getFoo)().fooParam).bar

The optional chaining operator ?. was introduced in ES2020.
obj.val?.prop
obj.val?.[expr]
obj.arr?.[index]
obj.func?.(args)
It is supported by the browsers of 91.81% of internet users as of 29 November 2021 according to https://caniuse.com/mdn-javascript_operators_optional_chaining.

Why does JSHint dislike ternaries for method calls on objects?

JSHint give the following error:
Expected an assignment or function call and instead saw an expression.
For the following line of code:
(aFunctionOrNull) ? aFunctionOrNull() : someObject.someMethod();
It highlights the final ) on someMethod so I assume the error is there. The code works and JSHint doesn't have a problem when I change it to if () {} else {} syntax. I don't mind the longer syntax but I'd like to learn why JSHint says this and if this is a bad practice.
The biggest piece of confusion may come from the terminology. Is someObject.someMethod() not a function call?

Well, in general it's considered bad practice to call a function using the ternary operator(s), without assigning the return value (which is what you seem to be doing).Also, it could be worth checking what JSHint has to say about the following code:
(aFunctionOrNull || someObject.someMethod)();
If aFunctionOrNull is undefined (or null, or falsy), the logical-or-bit will cause the expression to evaluate to someObject.someMethod, and the resulting value of that is invoked (a reference to a function object, hopefully). This gives you the opportunity to write your code more "fail-safe" without the bulk of a nested ternary:
(aFunctionOrNull || someObject.someMethod || function(){})();
The grouped expression is now bound to evaluate to a truthy value, so no errors are thrown there.
To avoid JSHint nagging about your not doing anything with the return value, either assign it to a variable (which I don't really like doing), or add a little operator to the mix:
~(aFunctionOrNull || someObject.someMethod || function(){})();//bitwise not
!(aFunctionOrNull || someObject.someMethod || function(){})();//logical not, doesn't really matter which one
On your last question: someObject.someMethod is indeed a function call. More specifically, it's a call to a function object in the someObject's context.
For those who don't know this: JS functions are objects, and the called context is either explicitly set using the bind method (defined on the Function.prototype) or ad-hoc:
var referenceToMethod = someObject.someMethod;
referenceToMethod();//<-- inside the function objects, this now points to the global object
An easy way to think of it is that JS functions just float around aimlessly in memory/space/time, until they are called via a reference, the context of that reference is then passed to the function object, to determine what object it'll interact with. This is, sadly, the global object by default, or null in strict mode.

JSHint says about expressions, or expr:
This option suppresses warnings about the use of expressions where
normally you would expect to see assignments or function calls. Most
of the time, such code is a typo. However, it is not forbidden by the
spec and that's why this warning is optional.
While JSLint says:
An expression statement is expected to be an assignment or a
function/method call or delete. All other expression statements are
considered to be errors.
AFAIK, there's no problem in doing what you're doing only that it will issue a warning because it would expect you to use an if..else statement, but you can turn this off in JSHint with:
/*jshint expr:true */

There error is because a ternary is an expression. You could use it to set a variable:
var result = a ? b : c;
Notice that the ternary evaluates to either b or c. It's an expression.
That said, the warning (I believe) comes from the notion that ternaries suffer poorer readability than an if...else block. The code above can be rewritten
var result;
if (a) {
result = b;
} else {
result = c;
}
Which is easier to read than a ternary. JSHint does as much to promote readable code as it does valid code. If you're comfortable including these expressions in your code, go ahead and disable the warnings for expressions. (It's what I would do.)