Consider the following chunk of code:
function Bar() {
var _self = this;
this.addPin = function (param1) {
console.log('addPin');
}
function endPin(param1) {
console.log('endPin');
}
_self.addPin(1);
this.addPin(1);
addPin(1); // failse
endPin(2);
this.endPin(2); // fails
}
var foo = new Bar();
foo.addPin(1); // works
foo.endPin(1); // does not work
From what I understand from playing with this code, the function declaration of endPin effectively makes it a private method to any outside callers. While this.methodHere type of declaration makes it a public method.
What I am not clear on is the usage of this in the class itself. this refer to the instance of the class. Why, in that case, can't I use this.endPin inside the class. Conversely, why do I have to use this.methodHere syntax when referring to addPin (which was declared using this.methodHere syntax).
Finally the difference between this and _self - I've read that _self preserves the original state of the class (or this). How does it do that if it's a reference supposedly pointing to the same memory location? How is this different from _self in this particular example?
You have asked a lots of questions here, so lets try and break them down.
this refer to the instance of the class. Why, in that case, can't I
use this.endPin inside the class.
Because endPin is not part of the class, it a local function inside your constructor.
Conversely, why do I have to use this.methodHere syntax when referring
to addPin (which was declared using this.methodHere syntax).
Because addPin is part of the class, basically the reverse of the first question. Doing func() does not automatically call the function of class.
How is this different from _self in this particular example?
In this case it's not, but if you used _self inside your local function, it would capture scope so it's still pointing to this of the class, instead of the functions scope.
You can't use the this.endPin because the function is not defined in the class itself but inside a function.
If you write:
function Bar() {
// do whatever
this.endPin(2); // now it should work
}
function endPin(param1) {
console.log('endPin');
}
Related
Today while working my mind was stack at some point in javascript.
I want to know that what is basic difference between
function FunctionName(){
//Code goes here;
}
And
var MyFuncCollection = new Object();
MyFuncCollection.FunctionName = function(){
//Code goes here;
}
Both are working same. Then what is difference between then. Is there any advantage to use function with object name?
I have read Question. But it uses variable and assign function specific variable. I want to create object and assign multiple function in single object.
The first one defines a global function name. If you load two libraries, and they both try to define FunctionName, they'll conflict with each other. You'll only get the one that was defined last.
The second one just has a single global variable, MyFuncCollection. All the functions are defined as properties within that variable. So if you have two collections that try to define the same function name, one will be FuncCollection1.FunctionName, the other will be FuncCollection2.FunctionName, and there won't be any conflict.
The only conflict would be if two collections both tried to use the same name for the collection itself, which is less likely. But this isn't totally unheard of: there are a few libraries that try to use $ as their main identifier. jQuery is the most prominent, and it provides jQuery.noConflict() to remove its $ binding and revert to the previous binding.
The short answer is, the method in object context uses the Parent Objects Context, while the "global" function has its own object context.
The long answer involves the general object-oriented approach of JavaScript, though everything in JavaScript is an object you may also create arrays with this Method.
I can't really tell you why, but in my experience the best function definition is neither of the top mentioned, but:
var myFunction = function(){};
It is possible to assign function to variables, and you may even write a definition like this:
MyObject.myMethod = function(){};
For further reading there are various online Textbooks which can give you more and deeper Information about this topic.
One main advantage I always find is cleaner code with less chance of overwriting functions. However it is much more than that.
Your scope changes completely inside the object. Consider the following code ::
Function:
function FunctionName(){
return this;
}
FunctionName()
Returns:
Window {top: Window, location: Location, document: document, window: Window, external: Object…}
Object:
var MyFuncCollection = new Object();
MyFuncCollection.FunctionName = function(){
return this;
}
MyFuncCollection.FunctionName()
Returns:
Object {}
This leads to some nice ability to daisy chain functions, amongst other things.
The first:
function functionName (){
//Code goes here;
}
Is a function declaration. It defines a function object in the context it's written in.
Notice: this doesn't have to be the global context and it doesn't say anything about the value of this inside it when it's invoked. More about scopes in JavaScript.
Second note: in most style guides functions are declared with a capitalized name only if it's a constructor.
The second:
var myFuncCollection = {};
myFuncCollection.functionName = function () {
//Code goes here;
};
notice: don't use the new Object() syntax, it's considered bad practice to use new with anything other then function constructors. Use the literal form instead (as above).
Is a simple assignment of a function expression to a property of an Object.
Again the same notice should be stated: this says nothing about the value of this when it's invoked.
this in JavaScript is given a value when the function object is invoked, see here for details.
Of course, placing a function on an Object help avoiding naming collisions with other variables/function declarations in the same context, but this could be a local context of a function, and not necessarily the global context.
Other then these differences, from the language point of view, there's no difference whatsoever about using a bunch of function declarations or an Object with bunch of methods on it.
From a design point of view, putting methods on an Object allows you to group and/or encapsulate logic to a specific object that should contain it. This is the part of the meaning of the Object Oriented Programming paradigm.
It's also good to do that when you wish to export or simply pass all these functions to another separate module.
And that's about it (:
I am a relatively experienced c# (and before that c++ Win32) developer, I am new to javascript and have a question regarding the this pointer.
I am using knockout.js, and one function called subscribe accepts a this variable, that will be set inside the callback function.
From my way of thinking from the Win32 days and C#, on any callback function i want a scope object which contains my state.
In this case I have use the this javascript thing to set my callback scope.
My questions are:
Now everything works (full fiddle here if you are
interested), but have I done something terrible?
Is there any reason this is used instead of passing in an explicit
scope variable as a parameter (that would make things easier to understand as
for me, this makes the workings kind of hidden).
What is the intended use for this?
From http://knockoutjs.com/documentation/observables.html it says:
The subscribe function accepts three parameters: callback is the function that is called whenever the notification happens, target (optional) defines the value of this in the callback function, and event (optional; default is "change") is the name of the event to receive notification for. Example below
myViewModel.personName.subscribe(function(oldValue) {
alert("The person's previous name is " + oldValue);
}, null, "beforeChange");
My code snippet below:
var computedOptions = createComputedDepdency(viewModel[option.requires.target],option.data);
viewModel[option.optionsName] = computedOptions;
console.log("making callback scope object for: " + option.optionsName );
var callbackScope = {
callbackName: option.optionsName,
options: computedOptions,
selectedValue: viewModel[option.selectedName]
};
// when the list of available options changes, set the selected property to the first option
computedOptions.subscribe(function () {
var scope = this;
console.log("my object: %o", scope);
scope.selectedValue(scope.options()[0].sku);
console.log("in subscribe function for..." + scope.callbackName);
},callbackScope);
First a semantic note:
The scope of a function is not related to this word. The context is related to this. The scope is related to the accessibility of variables and functions inside another function.
When you try to read a variable outside the function where it's declared, then you trying to access to a var outside its scope. So you cannot do it because the var is inside a scope not accessible from current position.
Now everything works (full fiddle here if you are interested), but have I done something terrible?
If it works, it's not so terrible :-)
Is there any reason this is used instead of passing in an explicit scope variable as a parameter (that would make things easier to understand as for me, this makes the workings kind of hidden).
a fast read: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this
In javascript the value of this is determined by how a function is called.
In one way this approach could save annoying passage of context as argument: in a well documented library, the this use is very intituitive.
In other cases, I agree when you change continually context in your app without a rigorous logic, it could be confused.
What is the intended use for this?
We should always remember how and when the javascript is born. It was born for browser in order to interact with the DOM.
For this purpose, the context has sense that change based of which element call the function.
For example:
var divs = document.getElementsByTagName('DIV');
for(var i = 0; i < divs.length; i++) {
divs[i].addEventListener('click',_clickHandler);
}
function _clickHandler() {
this.innerHTML = "clicked";
}
DEMO http://jsfiddle.net/AYBsL/1/
This is an example to how is useful the implicit change of context in javascript.
You could do this also for user-defined function: when you call a function you could change the context:
_clickHandler.call(divs[0]); // simulate click of first div
In javascript 'this' refers to the object that called your function. Only in a situation when you use 'new' keyword you can expect it to point to the current object (function).
var MyObject = function () {
this.hello = function () { console.log(this); }
}
var instance = new MyObject();
There is a way to make sure that this is always what you expect and that is creating a variable to store the correct reference for you and use that instead of this... in your example it would be similar to this...
computedOptions = function () {
var that = this;
}
computedOptions.subscribe(function () {
console.log("my object: %o", scope);
scope.selectedValue(that.options()[0].sku);
console.log("in subscribe function for..." + that.callbackName);
},callbackScope);
MDN JavaScript reference would inevitably explaing it more better then myself, have a look at it.
You shouldn't mix scope and this. this is supposed to mimic classical-oop languages like java or++, that is to keep the reference to an instance object. But it can be used just to execute arbitrary function on a given context using .apply() or .call.
What about scope, you don't have to do anything to pass the scope to a function, since the outer scope becomes automatically accessible inside function. You should read about closures - it's the best part of javascript.
I know I can define properties on functions, which can then be accessed from within the function. Right now, the only syntax I can work out involves two statements. Is there a more concise way to express the following:
function myFunc() {
// do some work
}
myFunc.myProp = 0;
I'm not looking for a solution that is fewer characters -- this isn't code golf. I'm asking something more along the lines of "are there different patterns of function declaration that have this other desirable merit?" This is almost about ways to use closures (because I suspect the answer lies there).
Thanks!
Especially if you want to access properties of the function from inside the function itself, you're better off doing this:
var theFunction = function() {
function theRealFunction() {
// the code
if (theRealFunction.something == "not whatever")
// do something
// more code
}
theRealFunction.something = "whatever";
return theRealFunction;
}();
What that does is wrap your function declaration up in an anonymous function. The problem with accessing function properties via the function name is that it must do that by finding the function's name in the surrounding scope. That's kind-of icky, but at least this way it involves a scope that's essentially private. It'll work whether or not the resulting function (returned as the return value of the anonymous function) is assigned to a different variable, passed to a function as a handler function, etc.
This really, really all depends. If you're looking for private variables, then you can easily return a function from the function -- an inner-function will contain access to its parent's scope.
var outer_function = (function () {
var private_var = "secret",
public_var = "public",
inner_function = function () {
return private_var;
};
inner_function.public_var = public_var;
return inner_function;
}());
outer_function now equals inner_function, with the benefit of having access to the enclosed data. Any properties attached to the inner (in the way you did) will now be accessible as public properties of outer.
To this end, you can return, say, a constructor for a class, with public-static properties, with the enclosed vars acting as private-static properties, shared between every instance of the "class" you build.
Not exactly the answer to your question, but if you ever want to read up some different design patterns that can be used when defining a javascript function, this is one of the best articles I've ever read on the topic:
http://www.klauskomenda.com/code/javascript-programming-patterns/
I have tried to figure this out or search for it on google, i can only find how to create objects, not exactly how functions work. If someone could explain to me how encapsulation works.
function myObject() {
this.variable1 = "tst";
this.function1 = function() {
//Now this function works. A 'this' function to a private function is ok
_PrivateFunction1();
//Here is error one, I cannot seem to call methods within the object
//from.
this.function2();
}
this.function2 = function() {
alert("look! function2!");
}
function _PrivateFunction1() {
//This does work though. I am confused.
_PrivateFunction2();
}
function _PrivateFunction2() {
alert("look! PrivateFunction1");
//this does not work.
alert(this.variable1);
}
}
I think I can explain this better if we go in reverse order. First, we define some functions:
function _PrivateFunction1() {
//This does work though. I am confused.
_PrivateFunction2();
}
function _PrivateFunction2() {
alert("look! PrivateFunction1");
//this does not work.
alert(this.variable1);
}
This is pretty normal stuff. The only thing that's weird is that they appear inside another function, but that's perfectly fine. JavaScript has function scope, which means that all variables defined inside a function are defined in a new scope. They do not trample on the global namespace. And functions are first-class objects in JavaScript, which means they can be used just like other data types. They can be nested, passed to functions, returned from functions, etc.
Then we run into some trouble:
function _PrivateFunction2() {
alert("look! PrivateFunction1");
//this does not work.
alert(this.variable1);
}
}
Functions in JavaScript are always executed in some context which is referred to by the this keyword. When you call a function directly (i.e. like this: functionName()) the context in which that function executes is the global window object. So, inside _PrivateFunction2, this.variable1 is equivalent to window.variable1 which is probably not what you meant.
You probably wanted to refer to the current instance of myobject which is what this refers to outside of _PrivateFunction2. You can preserve access to this in an inner scope by storing a reference to it in another variable:
var _this = this;
function _PrivateFunction2() {
alert("look! PrivateFunction1");
//this does not work.
alert(_this.variable1);
}
There's something subtle here you should notice. _PrivateFunction2 has access to the variables defined in its lexical scope, which is why it can access _this. This will be important later.
Next up:
function _PrivateFunction1() {
//This does work though. I am confused.
_PrivateFunction2();
}
This should be the most normal-looking section to you, I would think. There's nothing strange going on here. Just one regular function calling another one. Don't be confused by the fact that these are nested inside myObject. That changes the scope they're in, but not much else.
Next we define some instance variables and methods:
this.variable1 = "tst";
this.function1 = function() {
//Now this function works. A 'this' function to a private function is ok
_PrivateFunction1();
//Here is error one, I cannot seem to call methods within the object
//from.
this.function2();
}
this.function2 = function() {
alert("look! function2!");
}
Here this really does refer to myObject, assuming -- and it's an important assumption -- that myObject was called with the new operator, like this:
var obj = new myObject();
If it had been called like this:
var obj = myObject();
Then this would refer to the window object, just like it did for the functions we saw earlier. The key takeaway is that the value of this is not fixed. It's determined by the way in which the function is called. There are even ways to set it to an arbitrary object explicitly.
The value of this inside this.function1 will also be the current instance of myObject, because it will most likely be used like this:
var obj = new myObject();
obj.function1();
Writing object.method() sets this to object inside method.
So how is this.function1 able to call _PrivateFunction1()? Just as we saw earlier when saving the value of this for use inside a nested function, _PrivateFunction1() is just another object defined in this.function1's lexical scope, so it is available for its use, just as _this was earlier.
And it's because of closure that these private variables are still alive long after myObject has returned.
Footnote: Because failing to use new when instantiating objects breaks things so spectacularly without warning, it's considered good practice to capitalize the names of functions you intend to be used as a constructor. So myObject should really be MyObject.
You have to save a copy of the actual object like here note the var that = this
Tested in chrome and FF
for encapsulation I would prefer module pattern like
var someMethod = function(){
var i,
length,
// public method
public = function(num1, num2){
return num1+num2;
},
//private method
_private = function(){};
//exposing the public method
return{
public:public
}
};
var callPublic = someMethod();
callPublic.public(20, 30);// call the public method and return 50
now , if you try to call that private method like
callPublic._private();//it will return not a function since its not been exposed
There are lot of other pattern to encapsulate your methods but module pattern is most common. Hope ot will help you how to encapsulate data in javascript.
Update2:
What I really wanted to ask was already argued in a different page. Please check the following entry. (Thanks to BobS.)
How can I access local scope dynamically in javascript?
Hello.
I've started using jQuery and am wondering how to call functions in an anonymous function dynamically from String.
Let's say for instance, I have the following functions:
function foo() {
// Being in the global namespace,
// this function can be called with window['foo']()
alert("foo");
}
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
function bar() {
// How can this function be called
// by using a String of the function's name 'bar'??
alert("bar");
}
// I want to call the function bar here from String with the name 'bar'
}
I've been trying to figure out what could be the counterpart of 'window', which can call functions from the global namespace such as window["foo"].
In the small example above, how can I call the function bar from a String "bar"?
Thank you for your help.
Update:
Here's what I want:
Define functions that are only used in the closure.
Avoid creating an Object in the closure that holds those functions in order to be accessed as obj['bar'].
Avoid eval (if possible) in order to write code more simply in a straightforward manner (if exists).
Decide function's name dynamically via the URI parameter or anything variable.
Being a newbie of Javascript, I thought 'this' would be the counterpart of 'window' in the closure, and tried writing:
// in the closure
name = 'bar';
this[name]; // undefined ...
and failed (of course...).
All of these are for pursuit of further laziness. Javascript is kind of new to me and currently I've been trying to write code as lazy as possible.
As Kobi wrote, eval might be a good option. Alternatively, is there any reason not to do
$(function(){
var localNamespace = {};
function bar() {
alert("bar");
}
localNamespace['bar'] = bar;
// Now bar() can be called by, well, localNamespace['bar']
}
Update:
Similar SO entries, such as How can I access local scope dynamically in javascript?, seem to indicate you're out of luck without using one of these two approaches or something even uglier.
Inside your ready function:
window.bar = function bar() {
// ...
}
Then, you can access window['bar'].