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Javascript - Storing Date as another timezone and parsing it back

The context
I've got an application that lets an admin configure a timezone for their company. Other users, then, can modify the schedule of the company, but it should be always saved with the company's timezone.
This data needs to be stored in UTC in the server, and whenever someone gets it back it needs to be displayed with the company's timezone time.
For example:
Admin sets timezone to "Europe/Madrid" (GMT +01:00).
User A, in timezone "America/Sao Paulo" (GMT -03:00), sets the Schedule to 09:00 - 15:00 (two dates).
The schedule needs to be sent to service in UTC as if the user was in 'Europe/Madrid'.
Service stores the date in UTC
After that, someone in timezone "Europe/Athens" (GMT +02:00) visits the page and they have to see the time as if they were in "Europe/Madrid". So, in this case, 09:00 selected in "America/Sao Paulo" should be stored as "08:00 UTC" (Madrid timezone).
What I need
Basically, I need the time, no matter what is the timezone, to be displayed as if the user was always in the company's timezone, and whenever someone saves the schedule time, I need it to be saved as if they also were in "Europe/Madrid".
Also, the displayed time shouldn't change in DST, as the schedule will be always the same for all the year. So, the user should see all year the "09:00 - 15:00" schedule.
Keep in mind that the server uses SSR, and this means that in the first render we do not know the local timezone of the user who's going to see the data.
What I've tried
I've tried libraries such as "date-fns-tz" and "moment-tz" to convert the dates, but they do not work for the intended, as whenever I parse it to UTC they do it ok but when I try to parse it again to the desired timezone they do not work as expected.
I've tried "countries-and-timezones" library to get the timezone offset and try to manually adjust the dates, but I keep getting messed up by the server's local timezone (which I suspect is the reason why the other libraries didn't work as expected either).
Is there some way I can achieve that?
Thank you.

Basically you'll want to forget about the user's local timezone. America/Sao Paulo should play absolutely zero role in any of this. When the user enters "9:00" in the browser, you just want that to be "9:00" and nothing else. Since the company's timezone is Madrid, you want the input "9:00" to be interpreted as "9:00 Madrid". You can do that either client-side or server-side. But at no point do you want any conversion going on from Sao Paulo time to Madrid time.
Secondarily, you'll want to be very clear what you're storing in the database and what you'll do with this information later. To be clear, what does not work and what you need to avoid is this:
user enters "9:00"
you store 2022-12-01T08:00:00Z in the database
you automatically generate future dates like 2023-05-01T08:00:00Z from it
That generated date in May will be 10:00 Madrid, not 9:00.
You pretty much have two choices:
store just "9:00 Madrid" in the database, i.e. a description of a rule that you can later use to generate times
generate concrete timestamps in the Madrid timezone, convert them to UTC, then store them
Which one is more appropriate depends on how you intent to use them. If you want concrete timestamps in your database to query by, then you need to follow these steps:
get input "9:00 Madrid"
create a concrete date 2022-12-01T09:00:00+01:00
convert it to UTC 2022-12-01T08:00:00Z to store it
generate a future date by adding days/weeks/months to it, keeping the time value the same, e.g. 2023-05-01T09:00:00+02:00
convert it to UTC 2023-05-01T07:00:00Z to store it
for display, convert the UTC date to the company's timezone, and display it in that timezone; i.e. the user's local timezone plays absolutely no role (right?)
To do any time arithmetic, you basically want to construct new dates by combining parts of the existing date, in order to avoid changes to the time-of-day. The details will depend on the exact library being used, but in pseudocode it's something like:
var a = new Date(2022, 12, 1, 9, 0, 0, 'Europe/Madrid')
var b = Date.combine(a.date.add(6, 'months'), a.time, a.timezone)
// 2023-05-01 9:00:00 Europe/Madrid
Hope this helps to clarify things a bit.

MomentJS defaulting to Eastern Time

I want to default the date to New York timezone.
Here is what the problem is: If I use the following method in two different machines, one in Eastern and one in Central time, I get two different timezone information:
moment.utc(date)
For Eastern: 2018-12-15T05:00:00.000Z
For Central: 2018-12-15T06:00:00.000Z
I want something from moment JS in the above method so that machine in central timezone also gives me:
2018-12-15T05:00:00.000Z
This is something related to defaulting the timezone to Eastern but I am not sure how to do it.
P.S.: The method should consider daylight saving changes as well.

You can do this fairly painlessly using Moment timezone. Please take a look at the excerpt below via their docs:
By default, moment objects are created in the local time zone.
Local time zone - it's a time zone which is set in a browser or on your node.js >server.
To change the default time zone, use moment.tz.setDefault with a valid time zone.
moment.tz.setDefault("America/New_York");
In your case, you will want to pass in your date like so:
var a = moment.tz("2013-11-18 11:55", "America/New_York");
for more information take a look here: https://momentjscom.readthedocs.io/en/latest/moment-timezone/01-using-timezones/00-intro/

date filter that adjusts for Daylight Saving

I have a date (in UTC milliseconds) that I am displaying on a page (AngularJS 1.4.0), and the users would like to see it in Eastern time, regardless of the time zone set on their computer.
I am using the date filter, and from the documentation I see
$filter('date')(date, format, timezone)
Timezone to be used for formatting. It understands UTC/GMT and the continental US time zone abbreviations, but for general use, use a time zone offset, for example, '+0430' (4 hours, 30 minutes east of the Greenwich meridian) If not specified, the timezone of the browser will be used.
Using timestamps from today, if I use something like
{{ record.Timestamp | date:'HH:mm:ss.sss':'EST' }}
it writes the time as I expect, but I think I'm going to be off by an hour when DST rolls around. I can also specify 'EDT' and it will bump the time ahead an hour, but is there a timezone abbreviation I could use that just means "Eastern", and uses the date itself to determine whether to use EST or EDT? Or am I going to need to inspect the date and create an offset myself: either -0500/EST or -0400/EDT, depending on the date? (and it looks like timezone can only be a string, not a function, so that's going to complicate my auto-detection).
It just seems unlikely that anyone would want to hard-code the display to either EST or EDT - it's much more likely that they want the time zone, adjusted for DST.

I would use Moment.js and Moment Timezone for this kind of stuff to get the right datetime. Filter in AngularJS is just to format the datetime object and show it in UI.
You can also use some ready to use directives like Angular-Moment.
It has got all sort of filtering available.

How to convert timespan using offset

I have MVC web application. I am storing UTC time in database. (Not datetime but just a time). In C# When I retrieve this time from the database I get timespan object back. I also have offset available in minutes. For example.
double offset = 600;
How do I use this offset to convert timespan to local datetime.
Note I don't want to use DateTime.ToLocalTime () method because that will use server's timezone.
UPDATE1
I am using the Javascript new Date().getTimezoneOffset() method to get the client's offset, and i have offset value stored on the server. Then I also have drop down list that show times as 12:00 AM, 12.30 AM, 1:00 AM etc etc. The dropdownlist is bound to model property SelectedDateTime of type DateTime. Idea is to convert user selected time to UTC and then UTC to localtime based on the offset. So lets say i have offset 300 minitues that would be 300/60 = 5 hours
double offset = 5.00; // this is available on the server
When the user selects time in a drop down list, I am getting a datetime object on the server, ignoring the date part i want to store UTC time into database. This is how I'm converting to UTC time.
TimeSpan utcTime = SelectedDateTime.AddHours(offset).TimeOfday;
I store this utcTime into the database. Now I want to convert UTC timespan into the client's datetime.
I am assuming i have Subtract offset now
var newLocalTimeSpan = utcTime.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromHours(offset));
var newLocalDateTime = new DateTime(newLocalTimeSpan.Ticks, DateTimeKind.Local);
However this throws the error:
Ticks must be between DateTime.MinValue.Ticks and
DateTime.MaxValue.Ticks.\r\nParameter name: ticks
For example with offest 5 hours, If user selects 8:00 PM then it will be converted to UTC and will be stored as 01:00:00.0000000 in database. When I retrieve the UTC value from database its '1:00:00 AM'. Then I subtract 5 hours form this TimeSpan which equals to `-4' now and if I pass Ticks to DateTime..i get above error.
NOTES: If you are curious why model property is DateTime instead of TimeSpan thats because i am using Kendo TimePicker which needs DateTime type.
UPDATE 2
I really appreciate all for your help. I have gone through all the articles #Matt Johnson has posted and it looks like I should not be using offset for calculating the UTC time. Mainly because of the day light time saving. But instead I should be using timezone. So I have 3 options here to find client’s time zone:
1> Use JavaScript to detect time zone
In JavaScript I can do new Date().toString() which returns date time as Sun May 22 2016 02:12:36 GMT-0500 (Central Daylight Time) I can then parse the string to get “Central Daylight Time” and post it to the server. However on server, for .net “Central Daylight Time” is not a valid windows time zone ID.
Question
Is this correct approach? Is JavaScript returning IANA zone id? Will it always return IANA zone id?
If JavaScript is returning IANA Id then I can use Matt’s article here to get windows time zone id
2> Use http://momentjs.com/ to detect client’s time zone
Question
Is momentjs returns IANA zone id?
If momentjs return IANA zone id then I can use Matt’s article above to get windows zone id. One of the reason I don’t like this approach is because I have to use 2 third party libraries momentjs and Noda Time
3> Provide user a drop down list using TimeZoneInfo.GetSystemTimeZones() and let the user selects the timezone.
User will select a time and timezone, then on server I will convert it to UTC using selected timezone and save it DB. However I have to show that time on some other pages, So I again need timezone. That means I have to put the drop down list in such a place on UI where it will be available all the time. Like top menu.
(I can certainly save timezone into DB along with the time, however if user travel to other place he will still see time in initially selected time zone. Which I don’t want)
Are these correct approaches? Am i missing something?
Question
Assume that I implement timezone selection using one of the approach above and i have correct client's time zone with windows timezone id on server in some variable.
Now lets say user selects 6:00 PM (Central Daylight Time , UTC -5) which will convert to UTC as 23:00:00. As long we are in Central Daylight Time the conversion from UTC to local will show 6:00 PM. Once we go into Central Standard Time which is UTC -6 Will the conversion still show 6:00 PM or 5:00 PM?
I am planning to use TimeZoneInfo.ConvertFromUtc(datetimevalue, timezone) method for converting UTC to Local

In general, there are only two viable approaches:
Pass only UTC dates and times to the client, and do all conversions to local time in the browser using JavaScript.
Use this approach when you don't care what the time zone actually is, but you just want it to match the browser's local time.
The Date object can do this, but you may find it easier to use a library such as moment.js, which gives you better control of output format, among other things.
Apply a time zone (not just an offset) to the UTC date and time on the server side, to produce the correct local time value.
Use this approach when the time zone affects an entire application, and needs to be known in server-side business logic.
You can try to guess the user's time zone using jsTimeZoneDetect or moment.tz.guess() in moment-timezone. However, it's just a guess, and it is always an IANA time zone ID (such as America/Los_Angeles).
Asking the user for their time zone from a list is a good idea. Usually one would place this on a user settings or profile page. You can use the guess made earlier to pick a default value from the list.
You will indeed need to use Noda Time on the server if you are using IANA time zones on the client.
Some applications choose to list Windows time zones instead, which is a much simpler approach as you can get everything from the TimeZoneInfo class. However, recognize that there are limitations with this approach including:
Localization issues, as you cannot easily get at display name strings other than the ones matching the operating system's default language, not .NET's globalization and localization features.
Maintainability issues, as you yield control to the operating system for keeping the time zone data updated. This may seem more convenient, but you may find that your hands are tied when keeping up with short-notice time zone changes. This is especially problematic when you don't have control over how or when updates are applied to the OS, such as with Microsoft Azure App Service.
Compatibility issues, as Windows time zones aren't generally recognized outside of Windows. If you ever expose the user's time zone setting in an API, you'll likely have translation issues for callers from other platforms.
Now, getting to your specific points:
I am using javascript new Date().getTimezoneOffset() method to get the client's offset...
That gives you the client's current offset. You have no guarantees that it is the correct time zone to apply for an arbitrary date and time.
If wanted to apply a fixed offset to a UTC DateTime in C#, the best way is with a DateTimeOffset.
DateTime utc = new DateTime(2016, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
DateTimeOffset dto = new DateTimeOffset(utc); // DateTimeKind matters here
TimeSpan offset = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(-300); // The offset is inverse of JavaScript's
DateTimeOffset result = dto.ToOffset(offset);
But do note this is only for a fixed time zone offset. For a true time zone, you would use the TimeZoneInfo class if you're using Windows time zones, or you would use NodaTime's DateTimeZone class for IANA time zones.
In JavaScript I can do new Date().toString() which returns date time as Sun May 22 2016 02:12:36 GMT-0500 (Central Daylight Time) I can then parse the string to get "Central Daylight Time" and post it to the server.
No, this approach is not recommended, for several reasons:
There's no guarantee you will get output in any particular format from JavaScript's toString function. The results are implementation specific, and will vary across browsers and platforms.
They are generally intended for display purposes. When DST is in effect, they'll show a daylight name, and when standard time is in effect they'll show a standard name.
They are often localized for the user's language, English, French, Chinese, etc.
The only native API that can return the user's time zone is:
Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().timeZone
This is part of the ECMAScript Internationalization API. Unfortunately, it currently only works in a handful of browsers. Both jsTimeZoneDetect and moment.tz.guess() will use this API if it's available, then will fall back to their own guessing logic if not.
Assume that i implement timezone selection using one of the approach above and i have correct client's time zone with windows timezone id on server in some variable. Now lets say user selects 6:00 PM (Central Daylight Time , UTC -5) which will convert to UTC as 23:00:00. As long we are in Central Daylight Time the conversion from UTC to local will show 6:00 PM. Once we go into Central Standard Time which is UTC -6 Will the conversion still show 6:00 PM or 5:00 PM?
I am planning to use TimeZoneInfo.ConvertFromUtc(datetimevalue, timezone) method for converting UTC to Local
As you said earlier, "Central Daylight Time" is not a valid Windows time zone identifier. Your user wouldn't pick that. You'd display a list generated from TimeZoneInfo.GetSystemTimeZones(), showing the DisplayName to the user, and using the Id for the value. The Id would be "Central Standard Time", which indeed is the correct identifier for US Central Time, inclusive of both CST and CDT - despite having the word "Standard" in the string.

You need to convert the TimeSpan to a DateTime, using the current Year, Month and Day. If you subtract from a TimeSpan without doing so, it can result in an unobtainable date.
Also, I noticed in your update that you left the results in a DateTime, so I did the same.
This code is showing you the time if the UTC time was 1:00 AM, as your problem states.
double offset = 5.00;
TimeSpan utcTime = new TimeSpan(1,0,0); //setting manually to your representation of 1 am.
DateTime newLocalDateTime = new DateTime(DateTime.Now.Year, DateTime.Now.Month, DateTime.Now.Day, utcTime.Hours, utcTime.Minutes, utcTime.Seconds);
newLocalDateTime = newLocalDateTime.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromHours(offset));

How to find the client machine time zone using ASP.NET

I need to find the time zone of the client machine using ASP.NET (C#) or JavaScript. What are the different time zones that are available all over the world and how to convert the date and time based on the users time zone.
Please provide some suggestions or sample coding to change the time based on the time zone.

You cannot find client time zone settings from ASP.NET.
You can use JavaScript to tell the current time, but there are several time zones that can be synchronized at any given time.
In Chrome, you can get the time zone from the JavaScript date object. There's no specific function for it, from what I've found, but the code
(new Date()).toString()
will yield something like
Mon Apr 18 2011 08:58:59 GMT+0200 (W. Europe Daylight Time)
In websites, the best approach I've found has been to have a setting for each user to specify the time zone to display all times in. If the JavaScript getUtcOffset gives a different offset than what is expected for the user's time zone, I'll show a notice for the user to review their settings. If time zone can be guessed from the date (which I've only found to be the case in chrome), I'll suggest that time zone, but I still resort to a select box for the user to manually pick the time zone.
Even so, it is possible to have the wrong time zone setting, without the script noticing it, because for a great part of the year, the two time zones may be perfectly synchronized.
Once you have a time zone (you can enumerate them all with System.TimeZoneInfo.GetSystemTimeZones()), you can convert UTC dates with System.TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeFromUtc and System.TimeZoneInfo.ConverTimeToUtc, respectively.