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How can I retrieve a value in jquery with a button click?

I have the following code:
jQuery
$(document).ready(function(){
$('input[name="new_tax_button_post_tag"]').click(function(){
value = $('input[name="post_tag"]').val();
$("#fieldID3").val(value);
});
});
and I want it change:
HTML
<input type="text" id="fieldID3" name="changeme"value="n/a">
The problem is that the click itself is what creates the value, so I have to click the button twice to get the desired results. The first click creates the value. The second click sets the value in the field.
How do I make it so that it does it in one click?
It's like which came first the chicken or the egg.....

I write jquery on the basis of ID of button and textbox,
and also remove value from following input field,
<input type="text" id="fieldID3" name="changeme">
$(document).ready(function(){
$("#new_tax_button_post_tag").click(function(){
value = $("#post_tag").val();
$("#fieldID3").val(value);
});
});
I hope this useful for you.

Hide a button until check box is checked, without ID

I need to hide a button until a check box is clicked, however I am stepping into someone elses code who used tag libraries that did not define ID in the button tag. Here is what I have:
The button code:
<html:button name="Next" value="BTN.NEXT" styleClass="button" localeCd="<%= localeCd %>" onClick='Submit("Next")'/>
The checkbox code:
<input type="checkbox" name="fedCheck" onclick="checkFed(this, 'myNext')" value="y" />
The Javascript Code
function checkFed(ele, id) {
x = document.getElementById(id);
if (ele.checked == true) x.disabled = false;
else x.disabled = true;
}
I can get this to work in a seperate page but the page that it is on does not allow for the button to have an ID so it crashes every time. Any suggestions?

There would be better ways of doing this, listening for the click event, etc... but, to simply modify your code see this jsFiddle (note: this assumes this is the only element named "Next"):
function checkFed(ele, name) {
x = document.getElementsByName(name)[0];
x.disabled = !x.disabled
}
And change the onclick="checkFed(this, 'myNext')" to:
onclick="checkFed(this, 'Next')"
And add disabled="true" to the button so that it's initial state is disabled
...also note that this doesn't actually hide it like the title asks, it disables it, like the content of the question seems to ask.

Instead of finding the button using document.getElementById, use document.querySelector.
For example, if you have a single button on the page with "Next" as the value of its name attribute:
document.querySelector('button[name="Next"]')

Trigger phone call with Javascript

I would like to trigger a tel:12345 HREF using only Javascript, not with an anchor. I simply want to grab the value of an input field and use JS to prompt the user to call the number typed in. My trigger will be a button located next to the field.
Suggestions?

Use:
window.open('tel:12345');

<button onclick="myFunction()">
Call
</button>
function myFunction(){
var a = document.getElementById('input').value;
window.location.href = 'tel:' + a;
}
You can also view the live version on my website:
https://www.theharnishes.com/phone.html
Here we make a button and assign a function to it that bassically select the input, get the value, and the window.location.href will have the value of the input and it'll sent the url to call any number.

Js call making is very simple.
Using our : onclick function , Location , and tel
We can do this in any tag,
window . location ('tel:number')
Click me to call 199

Element ID can't be found after beind appended to DIV

I'm using this bit of jQuery to append a text input field to a div after a checkbox is checked:
$('.sharewithfriends').on("click", ".manual-invite", function () {
if ($('input[name=manual-invite]').is(':checked')) {
$('<li style="margin-top:0;display:none"><input type="text" id="invite_email1" name="invite-email1" value="Add an E-Mail" onfocus="clearText(invite_email1);" onblur="fillText(invite_email1);"/><span><a class="add" href="">Add</a></span></li>').appendTo('#invite-emails').slideToggle();
}
All of that works fine, except for the onfocus and onblur events. They call the following simple functions, which are supposed to clear the field on focus and fill it with the default text on blur:
function clearText(thefield){
if (thefield.defaultValue==thefield.value)
thefield.value = ""
}
function fillText(thefield){
if (thefield.value=="")
thefield.value=thefield.defaultValue;
}
But when I click the field, I get an error saying "invite_email1 is not defined" even though it clearly is.
Anyone know what I need to do to get this to work?

You're not referring to the right element.
Replace clearText(invite_email1); with clearText(this);.
Even better, bind event listeners instead of adding inline events.

.val() and .text() don't work?

I want to email div contents via php and form tag. I have 2 divs with these classes:
.simpleCart_items
.simpleCart_total
I want to fetch contents from these divs and insert their contents in inputs or textareas, then submit the form to my php file.
I wrote this JQuery code:
$('#shopform').submit(function(){
var items = $('.simpleCart_items').text();
var tprice = $('.simpleCart_total').text();
$('#itemsinfo').val(items);
$('#totalprice').val(tprice);
});
and these are my inputs:
<textarea id="itemsinfo" style="width:320px; height:160px"></textarea>
<input type="text" id="totalprice"/>
but it doesn't work. The contents didn't move to the input tags.

It must be something else in your HTML or script that you are showing us because when I set up a simple test using your code, it works fine here: http://jsfiddle.net/jfriend00/7q6DP/.
This works perfectly fine for me (in Chrome, Firefox, Safari and IE):
HTML:
<button id="submitForm">Submit</button>
<div class="simpleCart_items">simpleCart items text</div>
<div class="simpleCart_total">simpleCart total</div>
<textarea id="itemsinfo" style="width:320px height:160px"></textarea><br>
<input type="text" id="totalprice"/>
Javascript (after page is loaded):
$('#submitForm').click(function(){
var items = $('.simpleCart_items').text();
var tprice = $('.simpleCart_total').text();
$('#itemsinfo').val(items);
$('#totalprice').val(tprice);
});
Please show the rest of your code and HTML.
The things to check are:
Are there any javascript errors showing in the error console or in the debugger console?
Are you initializing your event handlers after the page has loaded?
Do any javascript errors show in the debug console when you press the submit button?
Is your submitForm event handler getting called? If you set a breakpoint or put an alert in their, does it get hit?
Can you set a breakpoint in your submit handler and see what's happening with the values of items or tprice?
Make sure your class names don't have the leading period on them when you put them in your HTML. It should be class="simpleCart_items", not class=".simpleCart_items".

Your code works just fine when I put it in a page:
http://jsfiddle.net/Guffa/krYQh/
When you click the submit button, the fields are populated with the data. (I added a return false in the submit event handler just to keep the form from posting.)
Some possible errors in your code:
You have used class=".simpleCart_items" instead of class="simpleCart_items".
The form doesn't have id="shopform".
You have use the ids shopform, itemsinfo or totalprice on any other elements.

I guess you should use ".html()" instead of ".text" something like below.
$('#shopform').submit(function(){
var items = $('.simpleCart_items').html();
var tprice = $('.simpleCart_total').html();
$('#itemsinfo').html(items);
$('#totalprice').val(tprice);
});

I suppose you should use .innerHTML instead of .text()

You should be able to use the .val() to get the value for the text areas instead of using .text().
Try using alert(items); before you set the div's contents just to make sure you are actually getting data.