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Get function reference of class (not object)

I have a code where a function is used to modify the existing functions and return a new function reference. I want that function to be applied to specific methods of a class.
My current code is
function modifyMethod(func) {
return function() {
console.log('working');
return func.apply(this, arguments);
};
}
function modifyClassMethods(ClassName, methodArray) {
// The code goes here
return ClassName;
}
class Temp {
hi() {
console.log("hi method");
}
}
Temp = modifyClassMethods(Temp, ["hi"]);
const temp = new Temp();
// This should print
//
// working
// hi method
temp.hi();
When I try to call the method modifyMethod with Temp.hi, func is undefined. If I create an object and then modify the method, then the new method will be applied only to the method of that particular object and not to all the objects of that particular class.
Note that this is just an example. I want to apply this modification to the methods of multiple classes. So, I can't generalize the method names also. Any code snippet for the modifyClassMethods will be helpful.

The methods defined with method syntax in the body of a class construct that aren't marked static are prototype methods and so they're on Temp.prototype, not Temp itself. So that's where you'd update them:
Temp.prototype.hi = modifyMethod(Temp.prototype.hi);
Only static methods end up on Temp itself.
You may see other functions created within the class body using the class fields proposal's syntax:
class Temp {
hi = () => {
//
};
}
Those are instance methods. They're created by the constructor, and re-created for each instance, roughly as though they'd been written like this:¹
class Temp {
constructor() {
this.hi = () => {
//
};
}
}
You can't wrap those until/unless an instance is created, as they're instance-specific.
So to wrap up, consider:
class Temp {
static staticMethod() {
// ...
}
prototypeMethod() {
// ...
}
instanceMethod = () => {
// ...
};
constructor() {
this.anotherInstanceMethod = () => {
// ...
};
this.yetAnotherInstanceMethod = function {
// ...
};
}
}
That class shows the three types of methods:
Static Methods, such as staticMethod, which you'll find on Temp (e.g., Temp.staticMethod);
Prototype Methods, such as prototypeMethod, which you'll find on Temp.prototype (e.g., Temp.prototype.prototypeMethod); and
Instance Methods, such as instanceMethod, anotherInstanceMethod, and yetAnotherInstanceMethod, which you'll find on the instances themselves, if/when any instances are created
¹ Technically, they're created as though with Object.defineProperty like this:
class Temp {
constructor() {
Object.defineProperty(this, "hi", {
value: () => {
//
},
writable: true,
configurable: true,
enumerable: true
});
}
}
...not via simple assignment. I used simple assignment in the example to keep it...simple. :-)

Is it possible to make an already initialised object literal an instance of a defined class?

I would like to know if it is possible to make an already initialised object literal into an instance of an already defined class.
class ParentClass {
bye () { console.log("Bye!"); }
}
class ChildClass extends ParentClass {
hello () { console.log("Hello!"); }
}
let obj = { foo: function (){ console.log("foo foo!"); } }
// [JS code that i wish i knew] //
obj.hello() // "Hello!"
obj.bye() // "Bye!"
obj.foo() // "foo foo!"
console.log(obj instanceof ChildClass) // true

There's already a method for this - setPrototypeOf:
class ParentClass {
bye() {
console.log("Bye!");
}
}
class ChildClass extends ParentClass {
hello() {
console.log("Hello!");
}
}
let obj = {
foo() {
console.log("foo foo!");
}
};
Object.setPrototypeOf(obj, ChildClass.prototype);
obj.hello();
obj.bye();
obj.foo();

An "initialised object literal" is just an object, how it was created is generally not important beyond the moment it's created. Objects created as if by Object.create or new Object() (such as literals) are generally called "plain objects".
ECMAScript doesn't have classes, it has prototype inheritance and a class syntax to instantiate objects that inherit from a particular constructor's prototype.
So if you want a plain object to inherit methods from a particular object's prototype without using the constructor to make the object, you can assign the required constructor's prototype to the plain object's [[Prototype]] using Object.setPrototypeOf.
However, you might be better off to construct a new instance of the "class" you want and copy the plain object's properties to it using Object.assign, something like:
class Person {
constructor (name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}
let obj = {
name: 'fred',
age: '37'
};
let person = Object.assign(new Person(), obj);
console.log(person.name);

Is it what you want ? The obj is declared with the new keyword...
obj = Object.assign(obj, { foo: function (){ console.log("foo foo!"); } } );

Tested, it will do the work, the trick is Object.assign:
class ParentClass {
bye () { console.log("Bye!"); }
}
class ChildClass extends ParentClass {
hello () { console.log("Hello!"); }
}
let obj = { foo: function (){ console.log("foo foo!"); } }
// [JS code that i wish i knew] // here is how it works
obj = Object.assign(new ChildClass(), obj)
obj.hello() // "Hello!"
obj.bye() // "Bye!"
obj.foo() // "foo foo!"
console.log(obj instanceof ChildClass) // true

Wrap all jQuery functions into a class

I want to wrap all of jQuery's DOM functions for a js class, but have those functions only deal with a single property of that class.
class Foo {
constructor() {
this.$wrapper = $('<div>wrapper</div>')
}
}
var f = new Foo();
// have to call this
f.$wrapper.appendTo($('body'));
// want to call this
f.appendTo($('body'));
I could do this manually, which would take eons, by creating a same-named method for each jQuery method and simply always apply it to this.$wrapper. But I wonder if there is a simpler way to do this.
https://jsfiddle.net/gy9tLyk2/

Yes, just extend jQuery.fn.init and use a super call:
class Foo extends jQuery.fn.init {
constructor() {
super('<div>wrapper</div>');
}
}
Foo.prototype.constructor = jQuery;
new Foo().appendTo('body');
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
Note I replace Foo.prototype.constructor because jQuery will access the constructor property of the instance and call it. But ES6 classes like Foo are not callable, and jQuery is not supposed to call Foo.
Not sure if babel will be able to transpile correctly, here is the ES5 code:
function Foo() {
this.init('<div>wrapper</div>');
}
Foo.prototype = Object.create(jQuery.fn);
new Foo().appendTo('body');
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>

One option is using ES2015 proxies, i.e. the Proxy constructor.
class Foo {
constructor() {
this.$wrapper = $('<div>wrapper</div>');
return new Proxy(this, {
get: function(target, prop, receiver) {
if ( target.hasOwnProperty(prop) ) {
return target[prop];
}
return function() {
let ret = target.$wrapper[prop](...arguments);
if ( ret !== target.$wrapper ) return ret;
return receiver;
}
}
});
}
}
var f = new Foo();
var a = f.appendTo($('body')).text('changed').prop('tagName');
But it's not recommended for several reasons:
Browser support
Proxies are slow
jQuery has getters and setters and creating a proxy handler than handles all the jQuery and the class methods can be tricky.

Add multiple interface to prototype javascript [duplicate]

I've come to a point where I need to have some sort of rudimentary multiple inheritance happening in JavaScript. (I'm not here to discuss whether this is a good idea or not, so please kindly keep those comments to yourself.)
I just want to know if anyone's attempted this with any (or not) success, and how they went about it.
To boil it down, what I really need is to be able to have an object capable of inheriting a property from more than one prototype chain (i.e. each prototype could have its own proper chain), but in a given order of precedence (it will search the chains in order for the first definition).
To demonstrate how this is theoretically possible, it could be achieved by attaching the secondary chain onto the end of the primary chain, but this would affect all instances of any of those previous prototypes and that's not what I want.
Thoughts?

Multiple inheritance can be achieved in ECMAScript 6 by using Proxy objects.
Implementation
function getDesc (obj, prop) {
var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, prop);
return desc || (obj=Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) ? getDesc(obj, prop) : void 0);
}
function multiInherit (...protos) {
return Object.create(new Proxy(Object.create(null), {
has: (target, prop) => protos.some(obj => prop in obj),
get (target, prop, receiver) {
var obj = protos.find(obj => prop in obj);
return obj ? Reflect.get(obj, prop, receiver) : void 0;
},
set (target, prop, value, receiver) {
var obj = protos.find(obj => prop in obj);
return Reflect.set(obj || Object.create(null), prop, value, receiver);
},
*enumerate (target) { yield* this.ownKeys(target); },
ownKeys(target) {
var hash = Object.create(null);
for(var obj of protos) for(var p in obj) if(!hash[p]) hash[p] = true;
return Object.getOwnPropertyNames(hash);
},
getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, prop) {
var obj = protos.find(obj => prop in obj);
var desc = obj ? getDesc(obj, prop) : void 0;
if(desc) desc.configurable = true;
return desc;
},
preventExtensions: (target) => false,
defineProperty: (target, prop, desc) => false,
}));
}
Explanation
A proxy object consists of a target object and some traps, which define custom behavior for fundamental operations.
When creating an object which inherits from another one, we use Object.create(obj). But in this case we want multiple inheritance, so instead of obj I use a proxy that will redirect fundamental operations to the appropriate object.
I use these traps:
The has trap is a trap for the in operator. I use some to check if at least one prototype contains the property.
The get trap is a trap for getting property values. I use find to find the first prototype which contains that property, and I return the value, or call the getter on the appropriate receiver. This is handled by Reflect.get. If no prototype contains the property, I return undefined.
The set trap is a trap for setting property values. I use find to find the first prototype which contains that property, and I call its setter on the appropriate receiver. If there is no setter or no prototype contains the property, the value is defined on the appropriate receiver. This is handled by Reflect.set.
The enumerate trap is a trap for for...in loops. I iterate the enumerable properties from the first prototype, then from the second, and so on. Once a property has been iterated, I store it in a hash table to avoid iterating it again.
Warning: This trap has been removed in ES7 draft and is deprecated in browsers.
The ownKeys trap is a trap for Object.getOwnPropertyNames(). Since ES7, for...in loops keep calling [[GetPrototypeOf]] and getting the own properties of each one. So in order to make it iterate the properties of all prototypes, I use this trap to make all enumerable inherited properties appear like own properties.
The getOwnPropertyDescriptor trap is a trap for Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(). Making all enumerable properties appear like own properties in the ownKeys trap is not enough, for...in loops will get the descriptor to check if they are enumerable. So I use find to find the first prototype which contains that property, and I iterate its prototypical chain until I find the property owner, and I return its descriptor. If no prototype contains the property, I return undefined. The descriptor is modified to make it configurable, otherwise we could break some proxy invariants.
The preventExtensions and defineProperty traps are only included to prevent these operations from modifying the proxy target. Otherwise we could end up breaking some proxy invariants.
There are more traps available, which I don't use
The getPrototypeOf trap could be added, but there is no proper way to return the multiple prototypes. This implies instanceof won't work neither. Therefore, I let it get the prototype of the target, which initially is null.
The setPrototypeOf trap could be added and accept an array of objects, which would replace the prototypes. This is left as an exercice for the reader. Here I just let it modify the prototype of the target, which is not much useful because no trap uses the target.
The deleteProperty trap is a trap for deleting own properties. The proxy represents the inheritance, so this wouldn't make much sense. I let it attempt the deletion on the target, which should have no property anyway.
The isExtensible trap is a trap for getting the extensibility. Not much useful, given that an invariant forces it to return the same extensibility as the target. So I just let it redirect the operation to the target, which will be extensible.
The apply and construct traps are traps for calling or instantiating. They are only useful when the target is a function or a constructor.
Example
// Creating objects
var o1, o2, o3,
obj = multiInherit(o1={a:1}, o2={b:2}, o3={a:3, b:3});
// Checking property existences
'a' in obj; // true (inherited from o1)
'b' in obj; // true (inherited from o2)
'c' in obj; // false (not found)
// Setting properties
obj.c = 3;
// Reading properties
obj.a; // 1 (inherited from o1)
obj.b; // 2 (inherited from o2)
obj.c; // 3 (own property)
obj.d; // undefined (not found)
// The inheritance is "live"
obj.a; // 1 (inherited from o1)
delete o1.a;
obj.a; // 3 (inherited from o3)
// Property enumeration
for(var p in obj) p; // "c", "b", "a"

Update (2019): The original post is getting pretty outdated. This article (now internet archive link, since domain went away) and its associated GitHub library are a good modern approach.
Original post:
Multiple inheritance [edit, not proper inheritance of type, but of properties; mixins] in Javascript is pretty straightforward if you use constructed prototypes rather than generic-object ones. Here are two parent classes to inherit from:
function FoodPrototype() {
this.eat = function () {
console.log("Eating", this.name);
};
}
function Food(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Food.prototype = new FoodPrototype();
function PlantPrototype() {
this.grow = function () {
console.log("Growing", this.name);
};
}
function Plant(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Plant.prototype = new PlantPrototype();
Note that I have used the same "name" member in each case, which could be a problem if the parents did not agree about how "name" should be handled. But they're compatible (redundant, really) in this case.
Now we just need a class that inherits from both. Inheritance is done by calling the constructor function (without using the new keyword) for the prototypes and the object constructors. First, the prototype has to inherit from the parent prototypes
function FoodPlantPrototype() {
FoodPrototype.call(this);
PlantPrototype.call(this);
// plus a function of its own
this.harvest = function () {
console.log("harvest at", this.maturity);
};
}
And the constructor has to inherit from the parent constructors:
function FoodPlant(name, maturity) {
Food.call(this, name);
Plant.call(this, name);
// plus a property of its own
this.maturity = maturity;
}
FoodPlant.prototype = new FoodPlantPrototype();
Now you can grow, eat, and harvest different instances:
var fp1 = new FoodPlant('Radish', 28);
var fp2 = new FoodPlant('Corn', 90);
fp1.grow();
fp2.grow();
fp1.harvest();
fp1.eat();
fp2.harvest();
fp2.eat();

This one uses Object.create to make a real prototype chain:
function makeChain(chains) {
var c = Object.prototype;
while(chains.length) {
c = Object.create(c);
$.extend(c, chains.pop()); // some function that does mixin
}
return c;
}
For example:
var obj = makeChain([{a:1}, {a: 2, b: 3}, {c: 4}]);
will return:
a: 1
a: 2
b: 3
c: 4
<Object.prototype stuff>
so that obj.a === 1, obj.b === 3, etc.

I like John Resig's implementation of a class structure: http://ejohn.org/blog/simple-javascript-inheritance/
This can be simply extended to something like:
Class.extend = function(prop /*, prop, prop, prop */) {
for( var i=1, l=arguments.length; i<l; i++ ){
prop = $.extend( prop, arguments[i] );
}
// same code
}
which will allow you to pass in multiple objects of which to inherit. You're going to lose instanceOf capability here, but that's a given if you want multiple inheritance.
my rather convoluted example of the above is available at https://github.com/cwolves/Fetch/blob/master/support/plugins/klass/klass.js
Note that there is some dead code in that file, but it allows multiple inheritance if you want to take a look.
If you want chained inheritance (NOT multiple inheritance, but for most people it's the same thing), it can be accomplished with Class like:
var newClass = Class.extend( cls1 ).extend( cls2 ).extend( cls3 )
which will preserve the original prototype chain, but you'll also have a lot of pointless code running.

I offer a function to allow classes to be defined with multiple inheritance. It allows for code like the following:
let human = new Running({ name: 'human', numLegs: 2 });
human.run();
let airplane = new Flying({ name: 'airplane', numWings: 2 });
airplane.fly();
let dragon = new RunningFlying({ name: 'dragon', numLegs: 4, numWings: 6 });
dragon.takeFlight();
to produce output like this:
human runs with 2 legs.
airplane flies away with 2 wings!
dragon runs with 4 legs.
dragon flies away with 6 wings!
Here are what the class definitions look like:
let Named = makeClass('Named', {}, () => ({
init: function({ name }) {
this.name = name;
}
}));
let Running = makeClass('Running', { Named }, protos => ({
init: function({ name, numLegs }) {
protos.Named.init.call(this, { name });
this.numLegs = numLegs;
},
run: function() {
console.log(`${this.name} runs with ${this.numLegs} legs.`);
}
}));
let Flying = makeClass('Flying', { Named }, protos => ({
init: function({ name, numWings }) {
protos.Named.init.call(this, { name });
this.numWings = numWings;
},
fly: function( ){
console.log(`${this.name} flies away with ${this.numWings} wings!`);
}
}));
let RunningFlying = makeClass('RunningFlying', { Running, Flying }, protos => ({
init: function({ name, numLegs, numWings }) {
protos.Running.init.call(this, { name, numLegs });
protos.Flying.init.call(this, { name, numWings });
},
takeFlight: function() {
this.run();
this.fly();
}
}));
We can see that each class definition using the makeClass function accepts an Object of parent-class names mapped to parent-classes. It also accepts a function that returns an Object containing properties for the class being defined. This function has a parameter protos, which contains enough information to access any property defined by any of the parent-classes.
The final piece required is the makeClass function itself, which does quite a bit of work. Here it is, along with the rest of the code. I've commented makeClass quite heavily:
let makeClass = (name, parents={}, propertiesFn=()=>({})) => {
// The constructor just curries to a Function named "init"
let Class = function(...args) { this.init(...args); };
// This allows instances to be named properly in the terminal
Object.defineProperty(Class, 'name', { value: name });
// Tracking parents of `Class` allows for inheritance queries later
Class.parents = parents;
// Initialize prototype
Class.prototype = Object.create(null);
// Collect all parent-class prototypes. `Object.getOwnPropertyNames`
// will get us the best results. Finally, we'll be able to reference
// a property like "usefulMethod" of Class "ParentClass3" with:
// `parProtos.ParentClass3.usefulMethod`
let parProtos = {};
for (let parName in parents) {
let proto = parents[parName].prototype;
parProtos[parName] = {};
for (let k of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(proto)) {
parProtos[parName][k] = proto[k];
}
}
// Resolve `properties` as the result of calling `propertiesFn`. Pass
// `parProtos`, so a child-class can access parent-class methods, and
// pass `Class` so methods of the child-class have a reference to it
let properties = propertiesFn(parProtos, Class);
properties.constructor = Class; // Ensure "constructor" prop exists
// If two parent-classes define a property under the same name, we
// have a "collision". In cases of collisions, the child-class *must*
// define a method (and within that method it can decide how to call
// the parent-class methods of the same name). For every named
// property of every parent-class, we'll track a `Set` containing all
// the methods that fall under that name. Any `Set` of size greater
// than one indicates a collision.
let propsByName = {}; // Will map property names to `Set`s
for (let parName in parProtos) {
for (let propName in parProtos[parName]) {
// Now track the property `parProtos[parName][propName]` under the
// label of `propName`
if (!propsByName.hasOwnProperty(propName))
propsByName[propName] = new Set();
propsByName[propName].add(parProtos[parName][propName]);
}
}
// For all methods defined by the child-class, create or replace the
// entry in `propsByName` with a Set containing a single item; the
// child-class' property at that property name (this also guarantees
// there is no collision at this property name). Note property names
// prefixed with "$" will be considered class properties (and the "$"
// will be removed).
for (let propName in properties) {
if (propName[0] === '$') {
// The "$" indicates a class property; attach to `Class`:
Class[propName.slice(1)] = properties[propName];
} else {
// No "$" indicates an instance property; attach to `propsByName`:
propsByName[propName] = new Set([ properties[propName] ]);
}
}
// Ensure that "init" is defined by a parent-class or by the child:
if (!propsByName.hasOwnProperty('init'))
throw Error(`Class "${name}" is missing an "init" method`);
// For each property name in `propsByName`, ensure that there is no
// collision at that property name, and if there isn't, attach it to
// the prototype! `Object.defineProperty` can ensure that prototype
// properties won't appear during iteration with `in` keyword:
for (let propName in propsByName) {
let propsAtName = propsByName[propName];
if (propsAtName.size > 1)
throw new Error(`Class "${name}" has conflict at "${propName}"`);
Object.defineProperty(Class.prototype, propName, {
enumerable: false,
writable: true,
value: propsAtName.values().next().value // Get 1st item in Set
});
}
return Class;
};
let Named = makeClass('Named', {}, () => ({
init: function({ name }) {
this.name = name;
}
}));
let Running = makeClass('Running', { Named }, protos => ({
init: function({ name, numLegs }) {
protos.Named.init.call(this, { name });
this.numLegs = numLegs;
},
run: function() {
console.log(`${this.name} runs with ${this.numLegs} legs.`);
}
}));
let Flying = makeClass('Flying', { Named }, protos => ({
init: function({ name, numWings }) {
protos.Named.init.call(this, { name });
this.numWings = numWings;
},
fly: function( ){
console.log(`${this.name} flies away with ${this.numWings} wings!`);
}
}));
let RunningFlying = makeClass('RunningFlying', { Running, Flying }, protos => ({
init: function({ name, numLegs, numWings }) {
protos.Running.init.call(this, { name, numLegs });
protos.Flying.init.call(this, { name, numWings });
},
takeFlight: function() {
this.run();
this.fly();
}
}));
let human = new Running({ name: 'human', numLegs: 2 });
human.run();
let airplane = new Flying({ name: 'airplane', numWings: 2 });
airplane.fly();
let dragon = new RunningFlying({ name: 'dragon', numLegs: 4, numWings: 6 });
dragon.takeFlight();
The makeClass function also supports class properties; these are defined by prefixing property names with the $ symbol (note that the final property name that results will have the $ removed). With this in mind, we could write a specialized Dragon class that models the "type" of the Dragon, where the list of available Dragon types is stored on the Class itself, as opposed to on the instances:
let Dragon = makeClass('Dragon', { RunningFlying }, protos => ({
$types: {
wyvern: 'wyvern',
drake: 'drake',
hydra: 'hydra'
},
init: function({ name, numLegs, numWings, type }) {
protos.RunningFlying.init.call(this, { name, numLegs, numWings });
this.type = type;
},
description: function() {
return `A ${this.type}-type dragon with ${this.numLegs} legs and ${this.numWings} wings`;
}
}));
let dragon1 = new Dragon({ name: 'dragon1', numLegs: 2, numWings: 4, type: Dragon.types.drake });
let dragon2 = new Dragon({ name: 'dragon2', numLegs: 4, numWings: 2, type: Dragon.types.hydra });
The Challenges of Multiple Inheritance
Anyone who followed the code for makeClass closely will note a rather significant undesirable phenomenon occurring silently when the above code runs: instantiating a RunningFlying will result in TWO calls to the Named constructor!
This is because the inheritance graph looks like this:
(^^ More Specialized ^^)
RunningFlying
/ \
/ \
Running Flying
\ /
\ /
Named
(vv More Abstract vv)
When there are multiple paths to the same parent-class in a sub-class' inheritance graph, instantiations of the sub-class will invoke that parent-class' constructor multiple times.
Combatting this is non-trivial. Let's look at some examples with simplified classnames. We'll consider class A, the most abstract parent-class, classes B and C, which both inherit from A, and class BC which inherits from B and C (and hence conceptually "double-inherits" from A):
let A = makeClass('A', {}, () => ({
init: function() {
console.log('Construct A');
}
}));
let B = makeClass('B', { A }, protos => ({
init: function() {
protos.A.init.call(this);
console.log('Construct B');
}
}));
let C = makeClass('C', { A }, protos => ({
init: function() {
protos.A.init.call(this);
console.log('Construct C');
}
}));
let BC = makeClass('BC', { B, C }, protos => ({
init: function() {
// Overall "Construct A" is logged twice:
protos.B.init.call(this); // -> console.log('Construct A'); console.log('Construct B');
protos.C.init.call(this); // -> console.log('Construct A'); console.log('Construct C');
console.log('Construct BC');
}
}));
If we want to prevent BC from double-invoking A.prototype.init we may need to abandon the style of directly calling inherited constructors. We will need some level of indirection to check whether duplicate calls are occurring, and short-circuit before they happen.
We could consider changing the parameters supplied to the properties function: alongside protos, an Object containing raw data describing inherited properties, we could also include a utility function for calling an instance method in such a way that parent methods are also called, but duplicate calls are detected and prevented. Let's take a look at where we establish the parameters for the propertiesFn Function:
let makeClass = (name, parents, propertiesFn) => {
/* ... a bunch of makeClass logic ... */
// Allows referencing inherited functions; e.g. `parProtos.ParentClass3.usefulMethod`
let parProtos = {};
/* ... collect all parent methods in `parProtos` ... */
// Utility functions for calling inherited methods:
let util = {};
util.invokeNoDuplicates = (instance, fnName, args, dups=new Set()) => {
// Invoke every parent method of name `fnName` first...
for (let parName of parProtos) {
if (parProtos[parName].hasOwnProperty(fnName)) {
// Our parent named `parName` defines the function named `fnName`
let fn = parProtos[parName][fnName];
// Check if this function has already been encountered.
// This solves our duplicate-invocation problem!!
if (dups.has(fn)) continue;
dups.add(fn);
// This is the first time this Function has been encountered.
// Call it on `instance`, with the desired args. Make sure we
// include `dups`, so that if the parent method invokes further
// inherited methods we don't lose track of what functions have
// have already been called.
fn.call(instance, ...args, dups);
}
}
};
// Now we can call `propertiesFn` with an additional `util` param:
// Resolve `properties` as the result of calling `propertiesFn`:
let properties = propertiesFn(parProtos, util, Class);
/* ... a bunch more makeClass logic ... */
};
The whole purpose of the above change to makeClass is so that we have an additional argument supplied to our propertiesFn when we invoke makeClass. We should also be aware that every function defined in any class may now receive a parameter after all its others, named dup, which is a Set that holds all functions that have already been called as a result of calling the inherited method:
let A = makeClass('A', {}, () => ({
init: function() {
console.log('Construct A');
}
}));
let B = makeClass('B', { A }, (protos, util) => ({
init: function(dups) {
util.invokeNoDuplicates(this, 'init', [ /* no args */ ], dups);
console.log('Construct B');
}
}));
let C = makeClass('C', { A }, (protos, util) => ({
init: function(dups) {
util.invokeNoDuplicates(this, 'init', [ /* no args */ ], dups);
console.log('Construct C');
}
}));
let BC = makeClass('BC', { B, C }, (protos, util) => ({
init: function(dups) {
util.invokeNoDuplicates(this, 'init', [ /* no args */ ], dups);
console.log('Construct BC');
}
}));
This new style actually succeeds in ensuring "Construct A" is only logged once when an instance of BC is initialized. But there are three downsides, the third of which is very critical:
This code has become less readable and maintainable. A lot of complexity hides behind the util.invokeNoDuplicates function, and thinking about how this style avoids multi-invocation is non-intuitive and headache inducing. We also have that pesky dups parameter, which really needs to be defined on every single function in the class. Ouch.
This code is slower - quite a bit more indirection and computation is required to achieve desirable results with multiple inheritance. Unfortunately this is likely to be the case with any solution to our multiple-invocation problem.
Most significantly, the structure of functions which rely on inheritance has become very rigid. If a sub-class NiftyClass overrides a function niftyFunction, and uses util.invokeNoDuplicates(this, 'niftyFunction', ...) to run it without duplicate-invocation, NiftyClass.prototype.niftyFunction will call the function named niftyFunction of every parent class that defines it, ignore any return values from those classes, and finally perform the specialized logic of NiftyClass.prototype.niftyFunction. This is the only possible structure. If NiftyClass inherits CoolClass and GoodClass, and both these parent-classes provide niftyFunction definitions of their own, NiftyClass.prototype.niftyFunction will never (without risking multiple-invocation) be able to:
A. Run the specialized logic of NiftyClass first, then the specialized logic of parent-classes
B. Run the specialized logic of NiftyClass at any point other than after all specialized parent logic has completed
C. Behave conditionally depending on the return values of its parent's specialized logic
D. Avoid running a particular parent's specialized niftyFunction altogether
Of course, we could solve each lettered problem above by defining specialized functions under util:
A. define util.invokeNoDuplicatesSubClassLogicFirst(instance, fnName, ...)
B. define util.invokeNoDuplicatesSubClassAfterParent(parentName, instance, fnName, ...) (Where parentName is the name of the parent whose specialized logic will be immediately followed by the child-classes' specialized logic)
C. define util.invokeNoDuplicatesCanShortCircuitOnParent(parentName, testFn, instance, fnName, ...) (In this case testFn would receive the result of the specialized logic for the parent named parentName, and would return a true/false value indicating whether the short-circuit should happen)
D. define util.invokeNoDuplicatesBlackListedParents(blackList, instance, fnName, ...) (In this case blackList would be an Array of parent names whose specialized logic should be skipped altogether)
These solutions are all available, but this is total mayhem! For every unique structure that an inherited function call can take, we would need a specialized method defined under util. What an absolute disaster.
With this in mind we can start to see the challenges of implementing good multiple inheritance. The full implementation of makeClass I provided in this answer does not even consider the multiple-invocation problem, or many other problems which arise regarding multiple inheritance.
This answer is getting very long. I hope the makeClass implementation I included is still useful, even if it isn't perfect. I also hope anyone interested in this topic has gained more context to keep in mind as they do further reading!

Don't get confused with JavaScript framework implementations of multiple inheritance.
All you need to do is use Object.create() to create a new object each time with the specified prototype object and properties, then be sure to change the Object.prototype.constructor each step of the way if you plan on instantiating B in the future.
To inherit instance properties thisA and thisB we use Function.prototype.call() at the end of each object function. This is optional if you only care about inheriting the prototype.
Run the following code somewhere and observe objC:
function A() {
this.thisA = 4; // objC will contain this property
}
A.prototype.a = 2; // objC will contain this property
B.prototype = Object.create(A.prototype);
B.prototype.constructor = B;
function B() {
this.thisB = 55; // objC will contain this property
A.call(this);
}
B.prototype.b = 3; // objC will contain this property
C.prototype = Object.create(B.prototype);
C.prototype.constructor = C;
function C() {
this.thisC = 123; // objC will contain this property
B.call(this);
}
C.prototype.c = 2; // objC will contain this property
var objC = new C();
B inherits the prototype from A
C inherits the prototype from B
objC is an instance of C
This is a good explanation of the steps above:
OOP In JavaScript: What You NEED to Know

I’m in no way an expert on javascript OOP, but if I understand you correctly you want something like (pseudo-code):
Earth.shape = 'round';
Animal.shape = 'random';
Cat inherit from (Earth, Animal);
Cat.shape = 'random' or 'round' depending on inheritance order;
In that case, I’d try something like:
var Earth = function(){};
Earth.prototype.shape = 'round';
var Animal = function(){};
Animal.prototype.shape = 'random';
Animal.prototype.head = true;
var Cat = function(){};
MultiInherit(Cat, Earth, Animal);
console.log(new Cat().shape); // yields "round", since I reversed the inheritance order
console.log(new Cat().head); // true
function MultiInherit() {
var c = [].shift.call(arguments),
len = arguments.length
while(len--) {
$.extend(c.prototype, new arguments[len]());
}
}

It's possible to implement multiple inheritance in JavaScript, although very few libraries does it.
I could point Ring.js, the only example I know.

I was working on this a lot today and trying to achieve this myself in ES6. The way I did it was using Browserify, Babel and then I tested it with Wallaby and it seemed to work. My goal is to extend the current Array, include ES6, ES7 and add some additional custom features I need in the prototype for dealing with audio data.
Wallaby passes 4 of my tests. The example.js file can be pasted in the console and you can see that the 'includes' property is in the prototype of the class. I still want to test this more tomorrow.
Here's my method: (I will most likely refactor and repackage as a module after some sleep!)
var includes = require('./polyfills/includes');
var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(includes.prototype);
keys.shift();
class ArrayIncludesPollyfills extends Array {}
function inherit (...keys) {
keys.map(function(key){
ArrayIncludesPollyfills.prototype[key]= includes.prototype[key];
});
}
inherit(keys);
module.exports = ArrayIncludesPollyfills
Github Repo:
https://github.com/danieldram/array-includes-polyfill

I think it is ridiculously simple. The issue here is that the child class will only refer to instanceof for the first class you call
https://jsfiddle.net/1033xzyt/19/
function Foo() {
this.bar = 'bar';
return this;
}
Foo.prototype.test = function(){return 1;}
function Bar() {
this.bro = 'bro';
return this;
}
Bar.prototype.test2 = function(){return 2;}
function Cool() {
Foo.call(this);
Bar.call(this);
return this;
}
var combine = Object.create(Foo.prototype);
$.extend(combine, Object.create(Bar.prototype));
Cool.prototype = Object.create(combine);
Cool.prototype.constructor = Cool;
var cool = new Cool();
console.log(cool.test()); // 1
console.log(cool.test2()); //2
console.log(cool.bro) //bro
console.log(cool.bar) //bar
console.log(cool instanceof Foo); //true
console.log(cool instanceof Bar); //false

Check the code below which IS showing support for multiple inheritance. Done by using PROTOTYPAL INHERITANCE
function A(name) {
this.name = name;
}
A.prototype.setName = function (name) {
this.name = name;
}
function B(age) {
this.age = age;
}
B.prototype.setAge = function (age) {
this.age = age;
}
function AB(name, age) {
A.prototype.setName.call(this, name);
B.prototype.setAge.call(this, age);
}
AB.prototype = Object.assign({}, Object.create(A.prototype), Object.create(B.prototype));
AB.prototype.toString = function () {
return `Name: ${this.name} has age: ${this.age}`
}
const a = new A("shivang");
const b = new B(32);
console.log(a.name);
console.log(b.age);
const ab = new AB("indu", 27);
console.log(ab.toString());

Take a look of the package IeUnit.
The concept assimilation implemented in IeUnit seems to offers what you are looking for in a quite dynamical way.

Here is an example of prototype chaining using constructor functions:
function Lifeform () { // 1st Constructor function
this.isLifeform = true;
}
function Animal () { // 2nd Constructor function
this.isAnimal = true;
}
Animal.prototype = new Lifeform(); // Animal is a lifeform
function Mammal () { // 3rd Constructor function
this.isMammal = true;
}
Mammal.prototype = new Animal(); // Mammal is an animal
function Cat (species) { // 4th Constructor function
this.isCat = true;
this.species = species
}
Cat.prototype = new Mammal(); // Cat is a mammal
This concept uses Yehuda Katz's definition of a "class" for JavaScript:
...a JavaScript "class" is just a Function object that serves as a constructor plus an attached prototype object. (Source: Guru Katz)
Unlike the Object.create approach, when the classes are built in this way and we want to create instances of a "class", we don't need to know what each "class" is inheriting from. We just use new.
// Make an instance object of the Cat "Class"
var tiger = new Cat("tiger");
console.log(tiger.isCat, tiger.isMammal, tiger.isAnimal, tiger.isLifeform);
// Outputs: true true true true
The order of precendence should make sense. First it looks in the instance object, then it's prototype, then the next prototype, etc.
// Let's say we have another instance, a special alien cat
var alienCat = new Cat("alien");
// We can define a property for the instance object and that will take
// precendence over the value in the Mammal class (down the chain)
alienCat.isMammal = false;
// OR maybe all cats are mutated to be non-mammals
Cat.prototype.isMammal = false;
console.log(alienCat);
We can also modify the prototypes which will effect all objects built on the class.
// All cats are mutated to be non-mammals
Cat.prototype.isMammal = false;
console.log(tiger, alienCat);
I originally wrote some of this up with this answer.

A latecomer in the scene is SimpleDeclare. However, when dealing with multiple inheritance, you will still end up with copies of the original constructors. That's a necessity in Javascript...
Merc.

I would use ds.oop. Its similar to prototype.js and others. makes multiple inheritance very easy and its minimalist. (only 2 or 3 kb) Also supports some other neat features like interfaces and dependency injection
/*** multiple inheritance example ***********************************/
var Runner = ds.class({
run: function() { console.log('I am running...'); }
});
var Walker = ds.class({
walk: function() { console.log('I am walking...'); }
});
var Person = ds.class({
inherits: [Runner, Walker],
eat: function() { console.log('I am eating...'); }
});
var person = new Person();
person.run();
person.walk();
person.eat();

How about this, it implements multiple inheritance in JavaScript:
class Car {
constructor(brand) {
this.carname = brand;
}
show() {
return 'I have a ' + this.carname;
}
}
class Asset {
constructor(price) {
this.price = price;
}
show() {
return 'its estimated price is ' + this.price;
}
}
class Model_i1 { // extends Car and Asset (just a comment for ourselves)
//
constructor(brand, price, usefulness) {
specialize_with(this, new Car(brand));
specialize_with(this, new Asset(price));
this.usefulness = usefulness;
}
show() {
return Car.prototype.show.call(this) + ", " + Asset.prototype.show.call(this) + ", Model_i1";
}
}
mycar = new Model_i1("Ford Mustang", "$100K", 16);
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = mycar.show();
And here's the code for specialize_with() utility function:
function specialize_with(o, S) { for (var prop in S) { o[prop] = S[prop]; } }
This is real code that runs. You can copy-paste it in html file, and try it yourself. It does work.
That's the effort to implement MI in JavaScript. Not much of code, more of a know-how.
Please feel free to look at my complete article on this, https://github.com/latitov/OOP_MI_Ct_oPlus_in_JS

I just used to assign what classes I need in properties of others, and add a proxy to auto-point to them i like:
class A {
constructor()
{
this.test = "a test";
}
method()
{
console.log("in the method");
}
}
class B {
constructor()
{
this.extends = [new A()];
return new Proxy(this, {
get: function(obj, prop) {
if(prop in obj)
return obj[prop];
let response = obj.extends.find(function (extended) {
if(prop in extended)
return extended[prop];
});
return response ? response[prop] : Reflect.get(...arguments);
},
})
}
}
let b = new B();
b.test ;// "a test";
b.method(); // in the method

React components as plain JS objects?

Does anybody has experience in working with React components as plain JS objects instead of annoying ES6 classes and deprecated .createClass method.
Maybe you have some examples of factory functions or similar to share?
Thanks!

React.Component is a plain javascript function, since es6 classes are syntactic sugar around them. So we could use whatever es5 class-like concept we like e.g. I just borrowed Backbone's extend method here:
// From backbone
var extend = function(protoProps) {
var parent = this;
var child;
var extendObj = function(obj1, obj2) {
for (var i in obj1) {
if (obj1.hasOwnProperty(i)) {
obj2[i] = obj1[i];
}
}
};
// The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
// (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
// by us to simply call the parent constructor.
if (protoProps && hasOwnProperty.call(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
child = protoProps.constructor;
} else {
child = function() { return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
}
// Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
// `parent` constructor function.
var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
child.prototype = new Surrogate;
// Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
// if supplied.
if (protoProps) extendObj(child.prototype, protoProps);
// Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
// later.
child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
return child;
};
React.Component.extend = extend;
Then we could create components like this:
var MyComponent = React.Component.extend({
constructor: function() {
console.log('hello from react component');
this.state = {
open: false
};
React.Component.apply(this, arguments);
}
});
new MyComponent();
That's just an example (and untested), you could do any kind of prototypal implementation you like since it's just a normal function. If you search for "es5 inheritance" you should be able to apply any of those solutions.

I think my answer is late. But I do make a lot of React Components using traditional prototype based javascript objects. If you love prototype based object, you can try the following :)
A simple example:
step 1: install inherits module
npm install inherits -S
then,
const React = require('react'); // switch to import, if you like
const is = require('prop-types');
const inherits = require('inherits');
inherits(MyComponent, React.Component);
module.exports = MyComponent;
var prototype = MyComponent.prototype;
MyComponent.defaultProps = {
onClick: function(){ }
};
MyComponent.propTypes = {
onClick: is.func,
href: is.string,
label: is.string
}
function MyComponent(props) {
React.Component.call(this, props);
this.state = {clicked: false};
}
prototype.render = function() {
return (
<a href={this.props.href} onClick={this.props.onClick}>
{this.props.label}
</a>)
}
// for debugging purpose, set NODE_ENV production, will remove the following
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
MyComponent.displayName = 'MyComponent';
}
A more advanced way to separate your concerns is to put your methods in different files. ( Usually, the protected, or private methods, something you do not need to know after couple months or years.) Then, merge them onto the prototype object. You can do it in the following way.
...
const _proto = require('./prototype'); //make a prototype folder, and merge all files' methods into one.
...
var prototype = Object.assign(MyComponent.prototype, _proto);
Or, you want to make your component as an EventEmitter, you can do it like following:
....
const _proto = require('./prototype');
const Emitter = require('component-emitter');
....
var prototype = Object.assign(MyComponent.prototype, _proto, Emitter.prototype);
function MyComponent(props) {
React.Component.call(this, props);
this.onClick = _=> this.emit("click");
}
prototype.render = function() {
return <a href={this.props.href} onClick={this.onClick}>{this.props.label}</a>
}
In the prototype folder, you can write like following:
index.js
Object.assign(exports, require('./styles.js').prototype)
styles.js
const prototype = exports.prototype = {};
prototype.prepareStyles = function() {
var styles = Object.defineProperties({}, {
wrapper: { get: _=> ({
backgroundColor: '#333'
})},
inner: {get: _=> {
return this.state.clicked ? {...} : {...}
}}
});
Object.defineProperties(this, {
styles: {get: _=> styles}
})
}
//All the methods are prefixed by prototype, so it is easy to cut and paste the methods around different files, when you want to hide some methods or move some methods to be with the constructor to make your component more easy to read.
then, in the main file. simply call the method to prepare all the styles:
function MyComponent(props) {
React.Component.call(this, props);
this.prepareStyles();
}
and use the styles,
prototype.render = function() {
return (
<div style={this.styles.wrapper}>
<div styles={this.styles.inner}>hello world</div>
</div>
)
}