Looking at MDN's introduction to JavaScript, Grammar and Types section - one reads:
Declaring variables
You can declare a variable in three ways:
With the keyword var. For example, var x = 42. This syntax can be used to declare both local and global variables.
By simply assigning it a value. For example, x = 42. This always declares a global variable. It generates a strict JavaScript
warning. You shouldn't use this variant.
With the keyword let. For example, let y = 13. This syntax can be used to declare a block scope local variable. See Variable scope
below.
The following code snippet would seem to fit the "by simply assigning it a value" scenario, meaning the variable should be treated as global.
(function(){
console.log(myVar);
//the following will throw a ReferenceException error
//myVar = 10;
//the following will not, and I can understand it following the defintion of the behavior of using `var` keyword
//var myVar = 10;
})();
But running the code will generate a ReferenceException when myVar is commented, and undefined when not. I would expect it to generate undefined in both cases, since if myVar is a global variable (per definition), than javascript's variable hoisting would make it known before reaching console.log(myVar);
What is the explanation behind such behavior ? (the behavior I described is what I get when trying it in my firefox's console, but running it in jsfiddle will not throw an error).
Are self-executing functions an exception to hoisting ?
the "by simply assigning it a value" scenario
You are reading the value, not assigning it
if myVar is a global variable (per definition),
It isn't.
myVar is:
a variable scoped to the function if the function contains var myVar (or function myVar () { ... }, or it is listed as a parameter in the function definition).
a variable scoped to the block if the block contains let myVar
a global variable if a value has been assigned to it previously and neither of the above conditions are true.
Since you haven't assigned a value, it isn't a global. Since none of the above conditions are true, it isn't any kind of variable, so you get a reference error.
Regarding your comment:
I left my var when I meant var in the scenario I am trying to depict. Updated question.
… and the edit to which you refer:
Commented out code is not evaluated. Having a comment that uses the keyword var doesn't do anything.
Regarding your further edits.
You get a reference error if you try to read a variable before it has been declared.
var statements (and function declarations) are hoisted so a variable declared with those methods can be read anywhere in the function.
Assignments are not hoisted. A global variable created implicitly by assignment (which is generally not considered to be best practise and is banned in strict mode) can't be read before the value is assigned.
Since my comment seemed to help explain it to you, I will turn it into an answer:
Implicit global variable creation (when you don't actually declare it, but just assign to it) is NOT hoisted. The variable creation happens inline at the moment the assignment occurs.
Thus, when you try to read the variable, it does not exist yet and that is an error.
var or let declarations are hoisted to the top of their appropriate scope.
All of this should hopefully help explain why you should just run in strict mode where implicit global creation is illegal and not allowed and triggers an immediate error. It's basically evil. A simple typo misspelling a variable may not trigger an error when you really want it to.
Related
When I declare a variable within a javascript method's parenthesis, I am provided with an interesting addition to the function object. However, I cannot actually locate the resulting logic within the function object.
[].forEach(towel = function(){console.log(42)})
console.log(towel) //function forEach.towel()
Could someone please explain the logic behind this unique declaration?
NOTE: This evaluation was all done in the Chrome Dev Console. Perhaps that contributes to the specific syntax returned?
Since you are making an assignment to a variable that has not been declared as var, it leaks to global scope.
The towel is now a variable in global scope.
I am going through the book JavaScript: The Complete Reference, Third Edition By: Thomas Powell; Fritz Schneider to have a detailed understanding of the concepts.
Scoping Rules
Outside of a function or object, variables are within the global space whether explicitly defined with var or not. Within a function or object, if the var statement is used, the defined variable will be local to the construct; without the statement, it will be global.
Commonly, JavaScript developers make assumptions about scoping rules with var that aren’t quite true. For example, a var statement found within a for loop does not scope that value to the loop. In this case, it is scoped to either the function it is within or to the global space if it is outside a function or an object.
Just to see what happens consequently, I coded like this,
When I press Ctrl+Space in Eclipse IDE for it to show JavaScript proposals, why am I able to access the variable jLocal outside the function?
As per the author description:
For example, a var statement found within a for loop does not scope that value to the loop. In this case, it is scoped to either the function it is within or to the global space if it is outside a function or an object.
Because at the bottom of your code you have:
...
jLocal = jLocal + j; // defined not in any functions
...
Making it global, but not necessary defined.
It isn't the case of a local function. myFunc is global, just as the variable jLocal is (albeit the name). Because of hoisting, jLocal is assumed to be declared on top of parent scope.
Looking more carefully, there's two variable's named jLocal. One local to myFunc and an implicit one on global scope.
Want a tip?
Put "use strict"; just before var global1 = true;. An HTML 5 implementation would be able to catch and show your error.
I'm reading about function declarations and function expressions. It say's that function declarations get placed in the initialization stage of JavaScript. Later I found out that variables also get placed in there, but they get the value of undefined, and when the interpreter reaches that variable it will then be assigned.
I can't find a good article about it. Now I'm wondering what else gets in the initialization stage of JavaScript?
Try searching for javascript hoisting (W3Schools).
It basically means, no matter where you declare a function or a variable, when the code is run the functions and variables are hoisted to the top and declared. This is why you can declare functions after you've used them and they still run fine.
However, initializing them is different. From W3Schools
JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initializations.
This means that the variables only get their assigned value when they reach the relevant line; functions are the same.
If you use a function expression such as:
var foo = function() {
// your code
}
In this case only the variable name will be hoisted and given the value undefined, and then if the function gets called above the function expression it will error as it has not have been assigned the function at this point in the code.
Just now,I saw some code like this:
if(condition){
var xx='sss';
}
//do something
if(condition){
console.info(xx);
}
Now, I just wonder why the second if statement work? How can it access the xx variable since it is a local variable defined in another if statement?
var in JavaScript is scoped to the containing execution context (e.g., the whole function's scope, or the whole global scope if the var is at global scope), not the block. JavaScript doesn't (yet) have block scope (ECMAScript6 looks likely to add it, via the new let keyword).
The code you've quoted is exactly equivalent to this:
var xx;
if(condition){
xx='sss';
}
//do something
if(condition){
console.info(xx);
}
This is covered by Section 10.5 of the specification, which describes what the engine does when entering a new execution context. (It's basically a two-phase process, first setting up all the declarations, and then executing step-by-step code.)
More: Poor misunderstood var
In JavaScript the scope is exacted to the closure (the last enclosing function block, or defaults to the window object). When a variable is declared anywhere within that function block it is hoisted to the top of the scope, so in essence a variable exists as undefined starting at the very top of the scope if it is declared anywhere in the scope.
Think of it like this, when the code begins executing it scans all the instructions for declarations and allocates the symbol name starting immediately.
console.log(x); // undefined
console.log(y); // error: Uncaught ReferenceError: y is not defined
var x;
for that matter you can take it to extremes:
console.log(x); // undefined, not an error
while (false) {
if (false) {
var x;
}
}
even though var x can't possibly be reached, and during execution would be optimized away completely. the engine will still hoist the variable to the top of the scope
hope this helps -ck
useful link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taaEzHI9xyY&feature=youtu.be#t=42m57s
var declarations affect the entire scope of the smallest containing function or program. JavaScript is not block scoped.
Crock says:
Variable Declarations
All variables should be declared before used. JavaScript does not require this, but doing so makes the program easier to read and makes it easier to detect undeclared variables that may become implied globals. Implied global variables should never be used.
The var statements should be the first statements in the function body.
It is preferred that each variable be given its own line and comment. They should be listed in alphabetical order.
var currentEntry; // currently selected table entry
var level; // indentation level
var size; // size of table
JavaScript does not have block scope, so defining variables in blocks can confuse programmers who are experienced with other C family languages. Define all variables at the top of the function.
Use of global variables should be minimized. Implied global variables should never be used.
Note, this is changing with the let statement, and in current JavaScript (EcmaScript 5), the variable name in a catch block is block scoped.
javascript doesn't have block scope, so var xx='sss' is either locally scoped (if your sample code is inside a function) or globally scoped (if your sample code is not contained in a function).
JavaScript is a dynamic language, that isn't always picky about things like variable scoping. So, this "feature" allows you to write the code
if (condition) {
var xx = 'sss';
} else {
var xx = 'ttt';
}
// do something
if (condition) {
console.info(xx);
}
I would recommend avoiding this, since it makes your program harder to understanda and reason about.
If you declare a variable using var within a function, the variable is scoped to within that function. An if statement is not a function.
I'm assuming in this case both if statements are within the same function and therefore xx is in scope?
If a variable is declared inside a conditional statement, it is still available anywhere following the declaration in the containing function (or globally if the conditional is not in a function). However, it will equal undefined if the condition evaluates to false, unless the variable is later assigned a value.
If a local variable is referenced globally or in another function, a JavaScript error will occur. Depending on your browser, the error may say the variable "is not defined" or "is undefined". This is different from the variable equaling undefined like mentioned above, because a variable that equals undefined can still be referenced.
i have encountered the following curious piece of code:
function foo(){
works = {hello:"world"};
function bar(){
alert('does not work');
}
var notwork = {hello:"world"};
}
foo();
alert(works.hello);
alert(notwork.hello);
Can someone please explain to me why works work, and notwork doesn't work? Or point me out to a good resource that explains this in detail.
Thank you very much!
var notwork creates a local variable valid only for the runtime of the function.
works creates a global variable that is valid throughout the javascript runtime.
var declares a variable as "local" to the function it's defined in.
Without var, you works variable is global : it can be seen/accessed/used from anywhere.
With var, your notwork variable is local to the foo function : it cannot be seen/used from outside of that function.
For more informations, you can take a look at the documentation of the var statement on MDC, which states (quoting) :
The scope of a variable is the current
function or, for variables declared
outside a function, the current
application.
Using var outside a function is
optional; assigning a value to an
undeclared variable implicitly
declares it as a global variable.
However, it is recommended to always
use var, and it is necessary within
functions in the following situations:
If a variable in a scope containing the function (including the global
scope) has the same name.
If recursive or multiple functions use variables with the same name and
intend those variables to be local.
Failure to declare the variable in
these cases will very likely lead to
unexpected results.
You've missed out the var keyword so works is being defined on the global object.
You want
var works = ...