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How to modify a HTML <td> (without any unique properties) element using Javascript

I'm trying to modify a element using JS however this element does not have any unique properties like ID. Also the table in which this element resides does not have a unique class. Also, the HTML page has multiple tables and td elements.
For example:
Existing HTML :
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Id</td>
<td>Name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12334567</td>
<td>BirthName</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
I'm trying to modify the cell which contains the value "BirthName" to "BirthName (Sidharth)"
Something Like this:
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Id</td>
<td>Name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12334567</td>
<td>BirthName (Sidharth)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

You can find all having BirthName by using bellow colde
const allTds = document.querySelectorAll('td')
// Find the td element that contains the text "BirthName"
const birthDateTd = Array.from(allTds).filter(td=>td.textContent==='BirthName')
After that you can target that <td> as you want.

You can do checking the text for all td and change where matches birthname
let element = document.querySelectorAll('td');
for(let i = 0; i<element.length; i++){
if(element[i].innerText == 'BirthName'){
element[i].innerText += '(Sidharth)';
}
}

If the text is unique then you can use Xpath as shown below and change it.
var td = document.evaluate("//td[contains(text(), 'BirthName')]", document, null, XPathResult.ANY_TYPE, null );
var thisTd = td.iterateNext();
thisTd.innerHTML = "BirthName (Sidharth)";
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Id</td>
<td>Name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12334567</td>
<td>BirthName</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Retrieving column values from a table by clicking row with jquery and html

I'm using html5 and jquery to set up a dynamic table, until then I can add the elements to the table without problems, but I can not retrieve the value of its columns. so I have the following questions:
How can I recover the table data by clicking the ROW?
Should I always use the data-name, id for example as in the first
line ?
$(document).on("change", "#TabClientesAdicionados", function(e) {
alert('?');
});
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<hr>
<table id="TabClientesAdicionados" class="table table-hover">
<thead>
<tr>
<th> ID </th>
<th> Name </th>
<th> Actions </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td data-id="Bruno">1</td>
<td data-nome="Bruno">Bruno</td>
<td>Details</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Josep</td>
<td> Details </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

How can I recover the table data by clicking the ROW?
You can bind the click event to your TR elements and get the information.
Should I always use the data-name, id for example as in the first line?
Yes, because you don't want the parsed HTML to manipulate data. The data attributes are a better approach to keep related data (no HTML) to DOM elements.
Look at this code snippet
This approach binds the click event to TR elements
$('#TabClientesAdicionados tbody tr').click(function() {
var data = { name: '', id: '' };
$(this).children('td').each(function() {
var name = $(this).data('nome');
if (name) {
data.name = name;
}
var id = $(this).data('id');
if (id) {
data.id = id;
}
});
console.log(data);
});
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<hr>
<table id="TabClientesAdicionados" class="table table-hover">
<thead>
<tr>
<th> ID </th>
<th> Name </th>
<th> Actions </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td data-id="Bruno_1">1</td>
<td data-nome="Bruno">Bruno</td>
<td>Details</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Josep</td>
<td> Details </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

I would do as the following snippet.
You need to bind the event to the row tr ant then get each of its children.
By adding a data attribute you could set a column name. This could also help if you eventually needed to extract the value of an specific cell.
Incidentally you could also add a second data attribute named like data-value or something similar- This in case you are worried that your parsed html content might cause you trouble with the values.
$(document).ready(function() {
$("#mytable").on('click', 'tr', onCellClick);
//Bind the event to the table row
function onCellClick() {
let row = $(this); //get the jquery Object for the row
let rowValues = {}; //An empty object to hold your data
let temp;
//extract the value of every cell in the row
//Doing it this way gives you flexibility on the amount of colums you have
row.find('td').each(function(item) {
temp = $(this);
rowValues[temp.data('column')] = temp.text();
//this could be changed to
//rowValues[temp.data('column')] = temp.data('value);
//if you desire to use a separate data-value property
});
console.log(rowValues);
}
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table style="width:100%" id="mytable">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-column="name" data-value="Jill">Jill</td> <!-Adding value property-->
<td data-column="lastname">Smith</td>
<td data-column="age">50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-column="name">Eve</td>
<td data-column="lastname">Jackson</td>
<td data-column="age">94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Creating a custom table row

I am trying to create a custom table row but having difficulty getting it to behave properly. I've tried the two below methods and they give bizarre results. I realize that this is very easy to to without custom elements but this is a small example of a much larger project. What can I change to achieve the desired result?
class customTableRow extends HTMLElement {
constructor(){
super();
var shadow = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});
this.tableRow = document.createElement('tr');
var td = document.createElement('td');
td.innerText = "RowTitle";
this.tableRow.appendChild(td);
var td2 = document.createElement('td');
td2.innerText = "RowContent";
td2.colSpan = 4;
this.tableRow.appendChild(td2);
shadow.appendChild(this.tableRow);
}
}
customElements.define('custom-tr', customTableRow);
//Attempt 2
var newTr = new customTableRow;
document.getElementById('table2Body').appendChild(newTr);
td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
<span>Attempt 1:</span>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>One</th>
<th>Two</th>
<th>Three</th>
<th>Four</th>
<th>Five</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<custom-tr />
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<span>Attempt 2:</span>
<table id="table2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>One</th>
<th>Two</th>
<th>Three</th>
<th>Four</th>
<th>Five</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody id="table2Body">
<!-- It should append here -->
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<span>This is how I want it to look:</span>
<table id="table2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>One</th>
<th>Two</th>
<th>Three</th>
<th>Four</th>
<th>Five</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Row Title</td>
<td colspan="4">Row Content</td>
</tbody>
</table>

A <table> element and its subcomponents <tbody>, <tr> require a very specific syntax. For example, only <tr> elements are authorized as children of <tbody>.
Therefore you cannot define a element and insert it in <tbody> or <table>. If you do that it will be moved outside of the <table> at parsing. Hence the display of your first example (look the code in the Dev Tools).
Instead you should define a customized tag instead like in this answer to a similar question.
Or you should redefine a complete custom table structure with <custom-table>, <custom-tbody>... like in this other answer.
Also, you should use closing tag <custom-tr></custom-tr>, and insert your CSS rule in the Shadow DOM if you want it to by applied inside it.

How to get data of a cell from a table using JavaScript

i am passing a very hard time with my web project.because i am new with web related languages.
i just want to get data of a cell by clicking the same row button of the other cell. i am adding a pic please see this first.
i try with many codes like below---(1st try)
my js code-
var tbl = document.getElementById("myTable");
if (tbl != null) {
for (var i = 0; i < tbl.rows.length; i++) {
tbl.rows[i].cells[1].onclick = function (){ getval(this); };
}
}
function getval(cell) {
value(cell.innerHTML);
}
my html code
<table class="w3-table-all w3-margin-top" id="myTable">
<tr>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Picture Path</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Heading</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Body</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Add courses</th>
</tr>
echo '<tr>
<td>'.$row["pic_path"].'</td>
<td style="cursor: pointer;color:red;">'.$row["heading"].'</td>
<td><div style="width:100%;height: 60px;margin: 0;padding: 0;overflow-y: scroll">'.$row["body"].'</div></td>
<td><button>Add</button></td>
</tr>';
my table data contains echo because i fatch the table data from my sql server.
my second try...
js code
var tb2=document.getElementById("myTable");
if(tb2 != null)
{
for(h=0;h<tb2.rows.length;h++)
{
bf=tb2.rows[h].cells[1];
tb2.rows[h].cells[3].onclick=function(){getbtval(bf);};
}
}
function getbtval(cell)
{
alert(cell.innerHTML);
}
and html code same...
1st one work for me.but that was not my expected result.
my code success on second one result.but that fails.when i click every add button it gives me just the last value of 2nd cell last row and that is "ORACLE".
PLEASE TELL ME WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY CODE......

Problem with your code is the fact you are not binding events to the button, you are picking a random cell of the table row. And the other issue is the fact you are not using var so it makes things global.
You said you want to click the button, but your code is not selecting the button. So instead of adding events all over the place, just use one and let event delegation take care of it. Check to see what triggered the event. If it is a button, than select the row and than you can read the text of the cells.
document.getElementById("myTable").addEventListener("click", function(evt) {
var btn = evt.target;
if(btn.tagName==="BUTTON"){
var row = btn.parentNode.parentNode; //td than tr
var cells = row.getElementsByTagName("td"); //cells
console.log(cells[0].textContent, cells[1].textContent);
}
});
<table class="w3-table-all w3-margin-top" id="myTable">
<tr>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Picture Path</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Heading</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Body</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Add courses</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>123</td>
<td style="cursor: pointer;color:red;">YYYY</td>
<td>
<div style="width:100%;height: 60px;margin: 0;padding: 0;overflow-y: scroll">XXX</div>
</td>
<td>
<button>Add</button>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>456</td>
<td style="cursor: pointer;color:red;">dasdas</td>
<td>
<div style="width:100%;height: 60px;margin: 0;padding: 0;overflow-y: scroll">qwwqeqwe</div>
</td>
<td>
<button>Add</button>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

cell.onclick = function (){ getval(this); };
this means "current context", that is the cell which produced the click event.
bf=tb2.rows[h].cells[1];
tb2.rows[h].cells[3].onclick=function(){getbtval(bf);};
After the for loop, bf points to the cell in the last row, so getval(bf) returns the value of it.
To access the proper cell, do the DOM traversal as #epascarello suggests. Depending on your use-case, it also might be easier to use data attribute:
<button data-value="Cisco">
And then in the JS code
button.onclick = function() { alert(this.dataset.value); }

You need to first identify the row clicked, for this you can check which element is current clicked by adding an event listener on the entire table and check when the target is button.
Once you get the event target as button , find its parent td and its parent tr.
Now you got the tr and just loop through the child nodes, exclude the nodeType == 3 so that you only get the td element in the tr
document.getElementById("myTable").addEventListener("click",function(e){
e = e || event
var target = e.target || e.srcElement;
if (target.nodeName != 'BUTTON') return
var row = target.parentNode.parentNode;
row.childNodes.forEach(function(item){
if(item.nodeType !== 3)
{
console.log(item.textContent);
console.log(item.innerHTML);
}
});
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table class="w3-table-all w3-margin-top" id="myTable">
<tr>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Picture Path</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Heading</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Vendor Body</th>
<th style="width:25%;">Add courses</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cisco-networking.jpg</td>
<td style="cursor: pointer;color:red;">CISCO</td>
<td><div style="width:100%;height: 60px;margin: 0;padding: 0;overflow-y: scroll">CISCO systems</div></td>
<td><button>Add</button></td>
</tr>
</table>

I've done this by assigning the td an id and grabbing the text using jquery

Get the text inside TD by neighbouring TH inner text

i need to get the value of a specific TD which has no ID or Class by the text value of a neighbouring TH using jQuery
Example:
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Established</th>
<td>1976</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Location</th>
<td>Baltimore, Maryland</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
I want to get the year 1976 (using jQuery) by searching for "Established"
the location of the tr / order isnt always the same.
Possible?

var year = $("th:contains('Established')").next().text();
console.log(year); // "1976"
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Established</th>
<td>1976</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Location</th>
<td>Baltimore, Maryland</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
the above code will work given the string Established will always be in that format (First-uppercase, no spaces, etc).
A more robust solution:
var year = $("th").filter(function(){
return /^established$/i.test($.trim($(this).text()));
}).nextAll().filter(function() { // If there's more sibling TD...
// get all that have exactly 4 numbers as text
return /^\d{4}$/.test($.trim($(this).text()));
}).first().text(); // ...but get the first one's text.
console.log(year); // "1976"
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th> EstablishEd </th> <!-- Contains spaces and possible uppercase errors? -->
<td>1976</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Location</th>
<td>Baltimore, Maryland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Workers</th>
<td>3100</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
https://api.jquery.com/contains-selector/
https://api.jquery.com/next/
https://api.jquery.com/text/

Yes, it is possible. jQuery's .filter(callback) method can be used to filter elements based on their content.
Select th elements
Filter selected th elements to only have "Established" ones
Select the td elements that follow these th elements
var years = $("th").filter(function() { //Get th elements that has "Established" as their text
return $(this).text() === "Established";
}).next("td"); //Get td elements that are next to these th elements;
console.log(years.text());
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Established</th>
<td>1976</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Location</th>
<td>Baltimore, Maryland</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>