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creating multi lingual website

I am trying to figure out how to develop a multi-lingual website. My background in HTML, JS, CSS is not that broad (I have started only a week ago), therefore my understanding of this may not be the best.
For our example we will be creating three language mutations:
English (main one)
Spanish
French.
Here is what I have come across when I started searching for this under uncle Google.
The longest solution I can imagine: Create three folders named en, es, fr. These will contain the replica of the original webpage (e.g. index.html), but will be translated to respective language. Then on the top panel, you will have a button which upon clicking it will redirect used to a different folder (link is hard coded here). This solution is feasible if we are dealing with very small websites (with a few pages).
Second option I have found, was using WordPress plugins (found quite a few of those). Unfortunately, this solution is not viable, as I am not using wordpress to create a website.
Next option (which I believe would be the best), is to have one page for all language mutations, but instead of real text, you would insert some attribute with the key, which will determine what phrase should be inserted here. It could look like data-toTranslate('sTitle') (making this up). The question now would be, where would you store your texts? One option would be into a database, but I have not worked with them (under websites), therefore I would prefer something like a text file / csv file / or something like this. The problem I have with this solution (except the fact that I don't know how to do it yet :) ) is that I am not quite sure how website would react to this in terms of loading time. Maybe this is the best solution for a developer, yet the worst for the website?
Any comments, links or suggestions which would point me in the right direction would be more than welcome!
EDIT: as this question may seem too broad, I will try to trim it a bit down.
As I believe the option number three would be the best, then I would like to know the following things:
1) What do I need to create when I want to store simple key - value pairs (such as in this translation)? If I were in C#, I would e.g. create either simple XML or CSV file and I would parse it during runtime.
2) Can I achieve this with a simple JavaScript, or do I need to create some specific controllers / directives with AngularJS?

Create the english version of the website statically, as this is the main language. You should have a separate ID for every text element (and don't use obe word ids such as "a" "b" etc., so you can easily fibd them later.
Have a file on your server (text file works too) with the ids of fhe text tags, and the text in a format like
welcome-text | ["Welcome to the website" in Spanish]
-------------
Etc...
(Note: yoh need to store the translated sentences, but I don't know Spanish nor France)
Name your file to something like Spanish.txt.
When the page loads, download this file with javascript trough AJAX (this is where the static english version kicks in as a fallback), loop trough the text file and set the texts to the translated version.
You can of course use PHP with MysQL too, but I thought it is a bit overkill for 2 languages.
And yes, this can be done with 100% pure javascript, not even JQuery is required.

I normally using PHP to handle this multilingual. When every moment user view the website, it will set the default language to ENG. But, when the user select other language as the website display language, the website will reload and the PHP code will call the respective language folder to display all the selected language on the website. So, I think you should having few language folder, then dynamic calling each of the folder to get the keywords words and display it.

Is there a way to get current HTML from browser in Python?

I am currently working on a HTML presentation, that works well, but I need the presentation to be followed simultaneously with a NAO robot who reads a special html tag. I somehow need to let him know, which slide I am on, so that he can choose the correct tag.
I use Beautiful Soup for scraping the HTML, but it does so from a file and not from a browser. The problem is, there is javascript running behind, assigning various classes to specific slides, that tell the current state of the presentation. And I need to be able to access those, but in the default state of the presentation they are not present and are added asynchronously throughout the process of the presentation.
Hopefully, my request is clear.
Thank you for your time

http://www.seleniumhq.org/ (probably webdriver) is your friend. Initialize a browser and call browser.html to get the document in the current state.

There's wget on the robot, you could use it... (though I'm not sure I understand where is really the problem...)

Code Processing (Client Side instead of on Server)

I want generate a development tool that I can input code (Such as HTML, CSS and JS) and it will create a preview/result window (like JSFiddle). I will be using it for tutorials in school and need a unique site to do this from (I would love to use CodePen, JS Fiddle or Codecademy... But I can't).
I am able to generate a form that can be processed and shown in an iframe (through PHP where it simply echos the information into a new html file that is shown in the iframe). But this came with problems; I only have a cheap server and won't want to put too much pressure on it so need todo this through JS/jQuery.
Firstly is this possible? And how would I go about doing it (code examples would be great!)?
Thanks in advance (I appologise if I haven't given enough detail but I'm fairly new to this and may just be asking a pointless question (I'm only 15 :/ ) )
Cheers :)

There is a rather impressive project called php.js that will let you parse and execute a subset of PHP code in the browser.

If you want to do it complete on a client/ in browser like jsfiddel do, then you need 2 or more frames.
One is for your code and one is for the output.
If you click on "run", then need to apply your code to the frame. You can do this by accessing the document object of the frame. If you got it, you´ll need to inject your code there. There many examples in the web on how to access a child document object from an frame/iframe.

I need to extract somehow (probably using JavaScript) some information in my clients' websites. What's the best way to do it?

I want to plug my clients' websites to a system that I have. I need to be able to use some information that is in the website in order to improve the user experience in my system (automatically pre-filled forms, show their address, etc...).
The problem I face is that my client's website provider will not code that feature (add a link passing the information I need). So my idea is to have a JavaScript file that will be included in all the pages (they are willing to do this, because it's only copy & paste)... and then this JavaScript code will somehow extract the data I need and create the link the way I need.
One thing that will help is that all my clients' websites are provided by the same companies, and they are all template-based. So all the websites from the same provider have the same HTML structure.
Do you know any other way of doing this? If JavaScript is the way to go, what's the best way to scrape the information?
Thanks!

I'm not sure if your 'system' is a web tool or desktop based program, but if it is a web tool dynamic drive have a nice piece of javascript that can achieve the results you want without needing to modify the clients site:
Dynamic Ajax Content
Now I'm guessing you may want to change the content around your self and not display it exactly as it is on your clients site. So heres a quick modification of their script function loadpage() so that you can catch the html in a variable (loadedContent):
var loadedContent;
function loadpage(page_request, containerid){
if (page_request.readyState == 4 && (page_request.status==200 || window.location.href.indexOf("http")==-1))
loadedContent = page_request.responseText
}
Now if you follow the instructions on their page to setup and call the script ... after its execution you will have the html of the page stored in loadedContent for you to play about with.
if you want to test it working before you implement it, go to the link above, open your developer console, put the moded code in and hit enter. This should replace their function on the fly. Now see their demo at the top, click on one of the different pages. Nothing visible should happen. Go to your console and now type in loadedContent. You should see the html they where trying to load stored there.
Hope this helps

How to save the input values of an HTML page?

Now, this requirement may seem weird. But i would like to know how to achieve this?
I am having an HTML file, which is having few input box, check box, radio button etc. I would like to retain the changes a user [ actually i ] performs on this page. Like if the user has ticked a checkbox then next time anybody open that file should see that checkbox as ticked.
This thing can be done easily using HTTP cookies. But i don't want to use cookies.
The answer can be as simple as "No you can not do that" :)
Edit
That's the problem with not phrasing the question correctly.
I guess i can't use DB as if i will send my HTML page to someone then he/she will not be able to see my changes. I want my changes to be reflected on other systems also. [ thats the reason i was not going for cookies ]. Other solution what i was thinking was, using FileSystemObject. Any other solution ? again the answer can be "No you can not do that" :D

You could bind the change events of your form elements to an AJAX submit, log the submits to the db and then on any page load grab the latest states from the db for rendering.
Edit
If you want these changes to appear "simultaneously" for other users then you could use jQuery polling to update the page - have the page periodically poll the server for the latest state.
Having said that, if you give them a server link and not the actual file they will see your db changes.
However, it sounds like you want to actually send the file (not send someone to a web server) in which case you could do something like one of these approaches:
Your PHP/whatever file (can possibly even do this with javascript) outputs a HTML file with appropriate checked="checked", selected="selected", value="blah" etc. You send this file.
Your PHP/whatever file outputs a static reference file. Your HTML file has javascript referencing and using the values stored in this file. You send both of these files around (although value updates only require a changed static reference file).

I sounds like you want to change the actual file using Javascript - this should be rather difficult. Javascript was designed from scratch as a web scripting language and as such it doesn't have any built in file/IO functionality.
What you can do in Javascript is load ActiveX objects and plug ins. How this works depends a lot on which browser you're using. For instance in IE you could load an ActiveX object (written in VB or whatever) that could edit your file:
var fileWriter = new ActiveXObject("My.FileWriter");
fileWriter.Update("myFile.htm", "inputName", "newValue");
You'd have to write your FileWriter utility though.
Alternatively you could use HTML5's new data storage stuff - but then you're still limited on browser.

You need some method to identify the user when he or she visits again. A browser cookie is useful, because it is stored on the user's computer, which serves as identification. The other serious option is to store the user's preferences in a database. This would, at least, require a server-side language. In addition, you need some way to identify the user, such as username, or, less reliably, IP address.
I hear other options may exist in HTML5, but I don't think those can be used seriously at this time. You can read about it here in Offline Web Applications. It seems to me like something very similar in spirit, although much more powerful, than cookies.