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How to use innerHeight for div on both window load & resize?

I am trying to determine the top/bottom padding of a div (.content) based on it's height, and to recalculate it based on load AND resize of the window. This is supposed to align nicely centered next to another div (.character) beside it.
I've tried using CSS calc, but in this case it doesn't do exactly what I want it to do since the syntax doesn't support operators and I have a few media queries that change the size of the font based on the viewfinder, so the height of the .content div is somewhat dynamic.
Below is the JS portion, but here is the JSFiddle of what I've done so far: https://jsfiddle.net/inochiishtal/a9z13fb2/62/
$(function(){
$.w = $(window);
$.w.on('load resize', res);
res();
});
function res() {
$('.content').css('height',($.w.innerHeight()/2)+'px');
}
Any help or suggestions are appreciated. I'm not 100% dedicated to using innerHTML if there is a better solution.

It's a little unclear exactly how you want the items aligned, but based on what you said it seems like you want the .content and the .character to be vertically center aligned with each other.
In your snippet you have both of them absolutely positioned. If that's the way you want to go, you can just ignore their margins and JavaScript in general with this little vertical centering trick applied to both:
top: 50%;
transform: translateY( -50% );
The first line says "Put the top of this element 50% of the way down the element that it's positioned based on." Since it goes by the top, the second line says "Scoot me back up 50% of my height." That's just the way those CSS properties work -- the "top" % is about its parent, and the translateY % is about itself.
Since both of your elements would be vertically centered in their parent, they'd be aligned.
https://jsfiddle.net/qowxezpy/
HOWEVER if you don't need the elements to overlap like they do in this example (which I think looks nice and modern) there's a much easier way, using flex.
The parent would get:
display: flex;
align-items: center;
And the two children get:
flex-basis: 50%; //just to give them some width, since one is empty

container should automatically adjust to the height of the background image for responsive design css only

I working on a responsive design.
If i load the image with the image tag i have no problem with the size, but then it will load on screen too even if i set display:none. This cause loading problems on smartphone devices...
This way i trying to scale it with background-size:contain, but the problem is i have to add an height for the container.
That means if i have a device with different width the image doesn´t fit more.The same problem with background-size:cover. The image flow over if i change width.
Would do it just with css, because there are many pictures and this cause loading problems with javascript.
#header {
width: 100%;
background-image:url(../images/backgrounds/Header_phone2.jpg);
background-size:contain;
background-repeat:no-repeat;
min-height: 200px;
}
Edit
My solution with JS in the answer, improvement tipps are welcome

I made now something, what is working nice for me.
I´m not really good with jquery, this way i´m looking forward for improvement tipps.
Html:
container in container ...
Css stay almost same:
#header {
height:auto;
}
#header-image{
width: 100%;
min-height: 155px;
background-image:url(../bilder/backgrounds/Header_phone2.jpg);
background-size:cover;
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}
Jquery:
if ($( window ).width() <= 966) {
var screenwidth = $(window).width();
var heightimage = (screenwidth /940) * 198;
$("#header-image").css("height", heightimage);
}
$(window).resize(function() {
if ($( window ).width() <= 966) {
var screenwidth = $(window).width();
var heightimage = (screenwidth /940) * 198;
$("#header-image").css("height", heightimage);
}
});
This is working fantastic !! Same like you add the image with img tag and the image doesn´t load with screen design. (look there)
If javascript disabled set min-heigth, like this the image is displayed too.
With jquery i calculate the height of the image. For this i take the width from the display, divide it trough image width and multiply it with height from image. => the correct height for the container.
With the windows-resize function you can change the size of the window and it still works.
This is very simple and works nice for me.
Click for Jsfiddle.
If you use the js script where you delete the src path from img tag, then it will send a request too. With this variant you don´t have problems, look out first link.
Some skilled guys could improve this: select the image width and height with jquery and make a function.

Set the margin-top of a div, relative to screen resolution

I want a div to be positioned below the screen, but when you scroll it to appears. I can do this using margin-top but this requires a specific number whereas I want it to be relative to the screen it is on, so that it appears when you just start to scroll down on all screens.
How can I do this? Thanks.

Use vh:
iewport-percentage lengths defined a length relatively to the size of viewport, that is the visible portion of the document. Only Gecko-based browsers are updating the viewport values dynamically, when the size of the viewport is modified (by modifying the size of the window on a desktop computer or by turning the device on a phone or a tablet).
#myEl {
position: absolute;
top: 100vh;
}
Docs: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length
Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/tusharj/g8pfow8r/

This can be handled using position:fixed and use top instead of margin-top
div {
position:fixed;
top:100px;
}

if you are using jquery, you can use it like that in your javascript, also in window.resize
var windowHeight = window.innerHeight;
$("#box").css('position','absolute');
$("#box").css('top',windowHeight+'px');

viewport values help you define attributes relative to screen size:
margin-top:20vw;
JSFiddle
Take a look here

Liquid Grid - How do people refer to it

I've been playing with the google apps console and it has a fluid page where there are grids of items. When the user makes the window bigger and smaller the width of the grid items gets smaller and smaller until it drops one onto the next row when it cant make each grid item any smaller.
Can anyone tell me what this technique is called so I can find some tutorials. For bonus points, does it require javascript?

The technique is known as liquid or elastic layout. It is achieved via CSS, no javascript required. If you're looking for tutorials, you might this article useful:
"70+ essential resources for creating liquid and elastic layouts" by Zoe Mickley Gillenwater

Most used method (at least by my observation) is floating div with width in percentage and css media style.
Example
.thumb {
float: left;
width:18%;
margin:1%;
background: #eee;
height: 200px;
}
#media (max-width: 724px) {
.thumb {
width:48%;
}
}
In example above div.thumb will have width of 20%(margin+width) meaning it will have 5 div per row. And if viewport has width of max 724px there will 2 divs per row.
There are a lot of methods for this but this is most easiest to do, if your div's have same height, otherwise you will have some glitches with float.
EDIT: here is jsfiddle http://jsfiddle.net/P2URP/

What you are looking for it's called fluid (or scalable, liquid, etc.) "tiles" better than "grid"
This other question may solve yours if you want to do it only with CSS: Fluid, flexible and scalable tiles to fill entire width of viewport

My webpages div doesnt set dynamic width correctly

I have 2 toolbars, 1 of each side of the screen, and a main content area. I dont want it to have to sidescroll cause that is pathetic, so i was trying to figure out if someone could help me set it up.
My current attemp was:
$("#main").css("width", window.outerWidth - $("#t1").width() - $("#t2").width());
The issue is that it is too big still because of margins. Instead of me doing width, should i do outerWidth, similar to how i did window, or is there a jquery command which will do just that?
Thanks
here is a basic fiddle: it is set up differently, but the idea is there. I just am unsure as to how to do it. http://jsfiddle.net/fallenreaper/DfZx7/
Upon tinkering deeper and deeper with my fiddle, i am fairly certain i figured it out in the example i had given. derp Standby while i look and see if i can apply the same thing to my code.
The sample did not work with my code, but border was set to 2px around, for both main and attributes. Deducting 8 pixels resolves.

You don't need JavaScript to avoid scrollbars. It's a layout width two fixed-width columns and a liquid one.
Here is the "skeleton" of your layout in a responsive way:
<div id="window">
<div id="column-sx"></div>
<div id="main"></div>
<div id="column-dx"></div>
</div>​
CSS:
#window {
width:100%;
overflow:hidden;
}
#column-sx {
width:54px;
float:left;
}
#column-dx {
width: 140px;
float:right;
}
#main {
width:100%;
float:left;
margin-right:-194px; /* left + right col width */
}
#main > * {
margin-right:194px; /* left + right col width */
}
This way it will never "break" nor cause an horizontal scrollbar.
Anyway, probably you want to set a min-width for #main contents, and add another container for contents instead of targeting them with > *
Check this fiddle with your code revised

Off the top of my head, i would think outerWidth would work. If it doesnt, you can find the margin value via the .style attribute - but thats not ideal.
One thing you should be aware of is window resize if your setting your widths dynamically and you truely hate horizontal scrolling. You could put the above function also in the $().resize() function to ensure the widths are always within the window and complement this with css min-width so it doesnt go too small.