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Dynamic placeholder height

So I have a list with a position: fixed button in the bottom of the viewport. Because this button is position: fixed the last element of the list and part of the second last appear beneath the button, so the user can't see them properly.
What I tried so far:
adding a padding-bottom to the container with the height of the button. Issue with this approach: in different languages the height of the button is different, so it's good in only a couple of scenarios.
making the button position: sticky instead of fixed. Issue with this approach: the list is in a overflow-y: scroll container, so this approach does not work in iOS. Again, only good in a couple of scenarios.
adding a div after the list and controlling its height with javascript. Issue with this approach: does the job, but it's not very elegant.
Does anyone know of a better approach other than my third one? When I started with this I thought I might have to use JS for it, but position: sticky gave me hope that it would be possible with only CSS.

Since your list is fixed, this is an example of what I do for buttons on the bottom of my screen. Although it would be nice if you showed an example of your problem, cause it's hard to tell.
Obviously, you'll have to edit the text's positioning if you wanted, but the principle is what matters, and everything is responsive. Each individual <li> element is 10% high and 20% wide no matter the size of the screen.
CSS:
<style>
ul { position: fixed; width: 100%; height: 10%; bottom: 0%; left: 0%; background-color: deepskyblue; list-style-type: none; margin: 0; }
li { position: absolute; }
.a { width: 20%; height: 100%; background-color: red; left: 0%; }
.b { width: 20%; height: 100%; background-color: orange; left: 20%; }
.c { width: 20%; height: 100%; background-color: yellow; left: 40%; }
</style>
HTML:
<ul>
<li class="a">AAA</li>
<li class="b">BBB</li>
<li class="c">CCC</li>
</ul>

Jerky/flickering background image on scroll on Webkit and Edge (jQuery and vanillaJS)

I am using jQuery to make a background image appear fixed (since background-attachment: fixed doesn't play nicely with background-size: cover). In some environments the image doesn't flicker but in others it does, and I can't figure out why. (A related but different question is here, but I'm not using parallax scrolling.)
It doesn't flicker here and on this fiddle:
$(window).scroll(function() {
var scrolledY = $(window).scrollTop();
$('#bg').css('background-position', 'left ' + scrolledY + 'px');
});
body {
height: 3000px;
margin: 0;
}
#bg-wrap {
position: relative;
width: 100%;
}
#bg {
height: 600px;
width: 100%;
position: relative;
background-attachment: scroll;
background-image: url('http://classicescapes.businesscatalyst.com/Images/home-banner/CAPE_RT_desat.jpg');
background-position: left top;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: cover!important;
}
#bg-text {
position: absolute;
top: 200px;
left: 47%;
font-size: 3rem;
color: #fff;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div id="bg-wrap">
<div id="bg">
</div>
<div id="bg-text">Hello!</div>
It flickers here when using Webkit and Edge browsers (but doesn't flicker on IE and Firefox).
Over here it flickers until one initializes a Google Map by clicking on the "Region Map" tab.
Any help as to understanding the cause and providing a possible fix would be greatly appreciated.

Try using:
transform-style:flat
on the css rule of the flickering image
or
html{
overflow: hidden;
height: 100%;
}
body{
overflow: auto;
height: 100%;
}

While I still don't know what is causing the issue on the test page, I fixed my original problem by removing a rogue CSS transform!

Hide the scrollbar behind fixed positioned div

I'm building an app in Webkit for Android using HTML and CSS. I have fixed position header and sometimes fixed position footer(based on the module). When the content is more, I don't want the scrollbar to overlay the fixed header. Hiding it behind the header will also work. How can I achieve this without fixing height for the wrapper or using height: calc(); CSS for the wrapper?
I want app scrollbar to be like this:
Instead, it is like this now:
Here is the sample code:
.header {
position: fixed;
background-color: red;
left: 0;
top: 0;
width: 100%;
z-index: 999;
height: 60px;
}
.wrapper {
padding-top: 60px;
min-height: 100%;
height: auto;
}
.footer {
position: fixed;
background-color: grey;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 50px;
}
jsfiddle

You said that you don't want to fixe the .wrapperheight, but I think, you should fixe it, because there is no way to hide this scrollbar behind the div header element.
.wrapper {
margin-top: 60px;
min-height: 100%;
height: 320px;
overflow-y: auto;
}
Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/9hy6ybsz/4/

I'm not sure if my solution gonna work for you. You need to setup the height of your div="wrapper" and add CSS property overflow-y:
height: calc(100% - (60px + 50px));
Example, where 60px is the header height and 50px is the footer height
.wrapper {
margin-top: 60px;
overflow: auto;
background: yellow;
height: calc(100% - (60px + 50px));
display:block;
}
Working JSFiddle -> http://jsfiddle.net/9hy6ybsz/1/

Create a new div tag , which acts as a parent tag.
and apply scroll for it.
then create the header div and maintain Fixed position.so you can get the scroll over the fixed DIV!

Alignment with fixed elements and scrollable content

Here is a simplified JSFiddle of the problem.
As you can see, the content is beat out of alingment with the header because of the scrollbar.
As far as I know, the only way to deal with this is to calculate the width of the scrollbar using Javascript (David Walsh's excellent method springs to mind) and to set it as left/right: -scrollbarwidthpx value to the header.
However, considering the dynamic nature of the page I'm working on, with the headers place in the DOM and position changing depending on at what point the user has scrolled to, this is an option I am hoping to turn to only if there's nothing else I can do.
My question is, is there any way that I can maybe take the scrollbars or the content out of the flow while preserving a scrolling overflow, or otherwise align the two elements using only HTML/CSS? Are scrollbar widths consistent across all browsers/OS's that have them affect the flow? Or will I have to resort to using Javascript to align them?
Thanks!

html, body {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 0;
}
.scroll {
overflow: auto;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
#content{
width: 400px;
height:auto;
margin: auto;
background:gray;
}
.header {
width: 400px;
position: fixed;
margin: 0 auto;
height: 60px;
background: yellow;
z-index: 10;
}
.content {
height: 1200px;
background: linear-gradient(red, orange);
width: 100%;
margin: auto;
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
border-top:61px solid;
border-bottom:1px solid;
}
<div class="scroll">
<div id="content">
<div class="header"></div>
<div class="content"></div>
</div>
</div>

Fixed positioning overlap issue

I am in a corner with this one. I have a layout with 2 containers. One of the containers represents a map (#main) and needs to stay in user view at all times, the other one (#sub) serves as a scroll-able content. Everything looks fine if content fits horizontally. However as soon as the horizontal bar appears (resize the window to replicate), the scroll-able content overlaps the fixed content and I am out of ideas how to fix it. I know of one way to fix it by positioning the fixed content absolutely instead and useing javascript to adjust its position from the top. Is there any way to fix it?
Sample code is below:
Html:
<div id="content">
<div id="main">main</div>
<div id="sub">
<strong>Sub</strong><br />
sub<br />
sub<br />
sub
</div>
</div>
Css:
#content {
width: 1200px;
margin: 0 auto;
}
#main {
position: fixed;
width: 849px;
height: 500px;
background: red;
}
#sub {
position: relative;
float: right;
width: 350px;
height: 3500px;
background: green;
}
JSFiddle link

Based on your comments it sounds like not allowing the user to scroll will solve the issue:
body {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
overflow-x:hidden;
}
If you want them both to scroll you have to remove the fixed positioning:
#main {
position: relative;
width: 849px;
height: 300px;
background: red;
font-size: 50px;
text-align: center;
padding-top: 200px;
float:left;
}