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How to send data to another page without using cookies or JS in PHP?

So, I have a PHP file that runs an SQL(MySql) query and gets the result. I need that page to send that result to another page automatically(I can use PHP in the receiving page). However, I want to make my website accessible to privacy-sensitive people who disable cookies and javascript on their browsers. I'm not using any PHP frameworks.
An initial page that runs the query only runs in the backend like a controller so it does not have any HTML in it. This means I cannot use a hidden form and make the user submit it with a button. I thought about sessions but they need cookies to work and JSON needs javascript. I thought about sending the data in the URL but the query result is quite big and I was afraid it could exceed some kind of URL length limits(if such thing exists). Is there a way to achieve this reliably?
EDIT: To clarify some things, the data I am sending is a search result so the query changes depending on the users input(which was provided to the page which runs the query with a form).

Store data somewhere and send id or something through query string and access data from database through that id from query string. Sending too much data is not advisable through cookies, session or even query string just pass your unique id and grab data from db.
Happy coding.

TYPO3 extension: Accessing the TYPO3 session variable from javascript?

This may sound a little unprecise, but is it possible to change the TYPO3 session variable
$GLOBALS["TSFE"]->fe_user->setKey('ses', 't_minus', 0);
from javascript somehow for the variable to be processed within a listAction to specify certain records to be shown or not?
In more detail: I work on an extension for a calendar. The calendar is generated in javascript (that's the part i'm not responsible for). The listAction basically generates a JSON object or records which have a unix timestamp within a specific interval (2 weeks in the past, 3 weeks in the future). The javascript has a button "one week forward"/"one week back". One week back should subtract 604800 (1 week) from the session variable, one week forward add 604800 (1 week) to the session variable.
In the listAction the session variable adjusts the timestamp interval (n weeks forward/backward) or rather which records should be put into the JSON object.
Is it possible to access the session variable from javascript or does this violate safety requirements?

It is not possible to change TYPO3 session content directly via javascript. It may be that you can access the PHP session cookie via javascript - I am not quite sure on that -, but the session variables are stored in the TYPO3 DB. They are serialized and encrypted via PHP and you won't be able to get access on these via Javascript. This is only possible via PHP.
What you could do: create oneWeekForwardAction and oneWeekBackAction in your controller. Read your session cookie and modifie it to your needs. These actions can be activated via Ajax. For this to happen you have to create the appropriate links with the f:uri.action in advance in your Fluid template! Place these strings somewhere in your JSON object. Then you can connect these links to the click events.
Don't forget to generate a special AJAX page type with page.config.disableAllHeaderCode. If you search for this and Ajax you will find examples, f.e. this one:
[http://www.sklein-medien.de/tutorials/detail/erstellung-einer-typo3-extension-mit-ajax-aufruf/]
It is from 2016 und uses Extbase/Fluid.

I would create a PHP function to change this session variable (e.g. with eID functionality) and call the function via AJAX in JavaScript.
More see here: https://seethroughweb.com/ajax-with-typo3/
(Sorry, couldn't find a better manual in english, you need to use the new class names)

It's not a question of safety. The idea of a session is, to bind to the same data on the server over a series of multiple HTTP requests. Javascript lives in the Browser. There is no direct access from JavaScript to the data on the server.
If you are responsible for JS only, it's the job of the other person to provide an interface to the session data for you.
And yes, I think it a good idea to synchronise your calculations in the Browser with the data in the server else calendar datas get quickly out of sync. I would even go that far, that the server should be responsible for this kind of calculations, as it is more reliable than JS. So the guy responsible for PHP should do the main job and provide results to you i.e. via AJAX.

Add to bookmark browser data SELECT from database

I have an application build in php that show some data SELECT from a database build in MYSQL. These data are show as link where you can click on and the appaer as document.
Is it possible to add a function with a button star that add me these links (that extract data from a MYSQL table) to my bookmark browser?

Providing the data is accessible through some unique URL, most simply achieved with $_GET variables, then yes. You can even obfuscate the $_GET string using mod_rewrite to make more attractive URLs, so instead of http://domain.com/?document=document_name you could have http://domain.com/documents/document_name/ as the URL.
Then it's simply a question of using JS to implement the add bookmark function, which is explained (as #SevStryker pointed out) shown in this question

How to use cookie set by JS in PHP

I am setting cookie using JS script on my page, but I need to use this value while generating HTML on server side PHP.
Let me expalain.
User requests page - > Of course PHP starts generating HTML -> User get response from server -> JS sets cookie.
Am I correct ? I understand this in this way.
But I need to use cookie set by JS while PHP generating response.
Of course it will work if reload the page,because new request is sent with cookies. But I need to use this cookies at a time I set it in JS.
Of course I can set in JS to reload page, but I don't think that is good solution.
What are possible solutions. I don't need to adhere to cookies. Maybe there are other possible ways to get data from JS to PHP.

If I understand your question right, there are at least 2 different ways:
load an initial page which purpose is to redirect (via JavaScript or Refresh header) to the main page;
load the entire main page in the first request, containing a placeholder block. Then set the cookie. Then fill the placeholder using AJAX technique (send another request using JS and replace HTML content of placeholer with a newly generated one).
For the 2nd approach you don't even need cookie, as JS can pass the value with a query string (GET request parameter).

Passing a variable from one page to the next page

I am developing a Question & Answer website where a user is presented five puzzles on a page and the score is calculated using JavaScript as he attempts the questions on the page. The score is saved in a Javascript variable score. I have a paging system like this:
Now when the user clicks on 3 I want to send the variable score to the next page, where I have require scoreUpdateInDatabase.php on each such page such that the score of previous page is made permanent to the databse and the following PHP script presents him the next 5 questions.
How can I pass that score variable in secure way? I can't use GET because the user will modify it. I am satisfied with POST if this can be used, even though POST data can be modified but I just want minimal security.
P.S. Please do not suggest making AJAX call where in one side I will send score and while returning carries next 5 questions. I don't want to use AJAX to refresh content because it is not SEO friendly.

The simplest solution would be cookie based. Writing the value to a session cookie and the reading it.
You could use jquery cookie. It also gives you the option to require https if desired.

Save it in a session. POST would work equally well in this particular case but my preference would be storing it in the session.

The only secure way to do this is to pass the actual answers to the server using a POST or AJAX, do the calculation of the score also on server side and keep it in a SESSION variable.
More information on sessions in PHP

Try looking into Jquery - You should be able to return the value to the server scripting language (as you listed PHP as a tag, I assume you're using PHP). By using Jquery, you can get the javascript variable to the form BEFORE submitting the form to the next page.
Assuming you have used PHP to generate the form to submit initially rather than create the form in javascript. I would use Jquery - to get this file ( http://jquery.com/ ) and to include("jquery.js"); etc... in your PHP script for it to be used.
I would then convert the javascript variable(s) to a php variable and assign this to a hidden field in the form to be submitted to the next page using a $_POST[] variable.

However It will not be SEO friendly (POST and SESSION is not SEO friendly, but you should use them, continue reading)
We are talking of a game. No-one want that the Search engine index the last page of a game... because everyone can search on google (for example) for the last page of your game without playing.
You have to use ajax or post, but don't let google index every page of your game. It's nonsense.
Only the first page of your game should be indexed.