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How to make a large section of html fade using jQuery?

I am using html right now and I want to make my whole page fade in and fade out on a command through jQuery (whether its click animate etc...).
I thought of using a large fixed div over everything but won't that obscure everything else being clicked?
I also thought I could wrap everything in a span but that won't work.
Finally, I understand I can fade "body", but sometimes I want to fade large sections specifically within the body. Thank you for your help.

You may wanna use ids
<div id="object">content</div>
<script> $("#object").fadeOut(); </script>
Or with classes:
<div class="object">content</div>
<script> $(".object").fadeOut(); </script>

Dynamic jQuery Progress Bar - Click Events Not Working

I have a working JSFiddle where I'd like to be able to change how "filled" the progress bar is depending on the button clicked. When I click said buttons, nothing is happening.
I (previously) added in alerts/logs to make sure that I had the click functionality correct and due to those alerts/logs working once a button was clicked, I'm lead to believe that I just have something wrong in the way I am trying to move the progress bar.
$('.quarter').click(function(){
$(this).parent().prev().children('span').css('width','25%');
});
$('.half').click(function(){
$(this).parent().prev().children('span').css('width','50%');
});
$('.three-quarters').click(function(){
$(this).parent().prev().children('span').css('width','75%');
});
$('.full').click(function(){
$(this).parent().prev().children('span').css('width','100%');
});

$(this) is probably not returning what you think it is. Consider that $(this) relates to the container that the code itself is in; ponder on that for a while and make a comment if you need me to elaborate.
David784 has a great solution for your code as is. Alternatively, consider giving the span that is the moving part of your progress bar some identifier. As an example, while the following will work for changing your progress bar to 100%,
$('span').css('width', '100%');
you'll be changing every span in your code if you have them.

Change
$(this).parent().prev().children('span')
to
$('.progress-bar > span')
With jquery, using these .parent().prev().etc chains will never end well. It's too easy to break by making small changes to your DOM.
fiddle

Your paragraph holding the links was closed, but not opened:
<p> <!-- Here -->
25%
50%
75%
100%
</p>
Fixed JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/j6jxpLwx/

Vertical expanding pop up window with javascript or jquery

I am trying to find a way to enable my pop up window expand in a similar fashion as the Facebook Birthday popup expands. If you login to your Facebook page and click the "others" link next to where it shows how many of your friends have birthdays today, you will notice the pop up window shows up very small and then grows in a vertical fashion.
How am I able to do this?
I created a fiddle to show what I have so far.
https://jsfiddle.net/05w8fpL5/
I have added..
.fadeIn("slow");
and
.fadeOut("slow");
So far which I like, but I wish I had some say so on how long it took to fadeIn and Out.
Does anyone know how I could accomplish this?

You can achieve this using the .slideUp() and .slideDown events in Jquery. This will provide the vertical expanding animation that you are looking for. So change your .fadeIn and fadeOut functions, an important note that the slide functions do not work with min-height, you will need to remove that CSS from .admin_help_popup for this to work:
$('.admin_popup').on('click',function(){
$(".light_admin,.white_overlay").slideDown("slow");
});
$('.close_admin_popup').on('click',function(){
$(".light_admin,.white_overlay").slideUp("slow");
});
If it's completely necessary you have that min-height property, you can set min-height back to it's default value after .slideDown. You can try and make it smoother by using .animate(). Make sure to set mine-height to 0px on the slide up:
$('.admin_popup').on('click',function(){
$(".light_admin,.white_overlay").slideDown("slow", function(){
$(".admin_help_popup").animate({"min-height": "380px"}, "fast");
});
});
$('.close_admin_popup').on('click',function(){
$(".admin_help_popup").css("min-height", "0px");
$(".light_admin,.white_overlay").slideUp("slow");
});
Basic SlideUp/Down Fiddle Example without min-height
Fiddle example with min-height

css z-index changes during opacity animation

I have a very simple page, there are a few stacks of divs and each div has and image inside of it.
Each stack will fadeIn depending on the scroll position, the top stack has an object that overlaps the bottom stack and for some reason during the animation, the z-index changes.
here's the JSBIN, try clicking the fadeIn/fadeOut button and notice how the plate briefly went behind the bottom stack when it's transitioned.
http://jsbin.com/wefediti/1/
please help.

Since your jQuery.each() and therefore the fading animation will be processed synchronously, it is not possible with your approach to make them fade at the very same time.
I suggest you combine those images in the same div and fade them if it is possible for you:
DEMO

function fadePages(num) {
$(".page").animate({
opacity: num
}, 1000*(num+1));
}
do same at same time. It works.

It's a thing of positioning of your divs
I edited. All you need to do is stack your divs right and then re-edit your absolute position. But it works
EDITED CODE
Let me be more specific.
change the order of your divs liek so:
<div class="page1">
<img src="http://i.imgur.com/BleOC.jpg">
</div>
<div class="page">
<div class="bg"></div>
</div>
and that will fix you z-index problem. I made a different call for each div from the JS as well, But that was for testing purposes. I think you're fine with one call
I made the positioning edits as well HERE
But it seems like everyone is modifying it, so hurry up before someone else messes it up lol

Content box on image hover?

I have a bunch of images in a gallery on a new website im building and Im wanting to have content displayed when a user hovers over an image.
For example if a user hovered over a picture of a car in my gallery then a low opacity content div would fade over the entire image to show text and maybe a link.
I presume this effect could be done with a bit of JS or even CSS Transitions to give the fade.
I just need to know how to make a content box appear over the image on hover, possibly at 80% opacity.
Heres an example of what I have in mind:
Thanks for the help, if anyone could point me in the right direction it would be appreciated.
I can post more information if needed.

This is somewhat simple way of implementing a hover show and hide with jquery.
Working example: http://jsfiddle.net/va2B8/2/
jQuery ( http://jquery.com/ ):
$(document).ready(function() {
$("#Invisible").hide()
$("#hoverElement").hover(
function () {
$('#Invisible').stop().fadeTo("slow", 0.33);
},
function () {
$('#Invisible').stop().fadeOut("slow");
}
);
});
html:
<p id="hoverElement">This little piggy will show the invisible div.</p>
<div id="Invisible">This is the content of invisible div.</div>
css:
#Invisible { background: #222; color: #fff; }
Edit: I changed url for the working example cause i forgot to fade out on mouse out.
Edit2: Changed url again and changed the code cause i had some extra code there.. plus i thought that i might as well add those two .stop() in there so that it stops the animation If the mouse over or mouse out occurs while animation is going on.
( Without the stops one could hover in and out several times and then when he would stop, the animation would still keep going till it has done each animation as many times as he triggered it. You can test that in here http://jsfiddle.net/va2B8/1/ )

You can start using this fiddle :
http://jsfiddle.net/Christophe/2RN6E/3/
1 div containing image and span like :
<div class="image-hover">
<img src="" />
<span class="desc">text to be displayed when imae hover</span>
</div>
Update
All can be done with CSS...
http://jsfiddle.net/Christophe/2RN6E/4/

Here's an easy jQuery plugin you can implement: http://file.urin.take-uma.net/jquery.balloon.js-Demo.html
It works like this:
$(function() {
$('img').balloon(options);
});
This jQuery applied the balloon function to all images on the page. Here's your HTML:
<img src="example.png" alt="Here's your caption." />
The text in the balloon is going to be whatever is in the alt attribute for images and whatever is in the title attribute for other tags.

I've just done this:
http://twostepmedia.co.uk
It uses hoverintent jquery plugin so there is a delay of 250ms after the user hovers over to avoid erratic hover behaviour.