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How to retrieve just the loaded page's file name?

How can I check the loaded script (instead of the loaded script path) with JavaScript?
Example:
Loaded script is Index.php
If I use window.location.pathname, I get /folder1/folder2/Index.php.
If I use window.location.href, I get http://www.website.com/folder1/folder2/Index.php.
If I use window.location.hostname, I get www.website.com.
What should I use to get only Index.php?

You can split the path by / and then pop() the last item. E.g.
window.location.pathname.split('/').pop()

Yes, you manipulate the string that you have. You can use string methods to get the part after the last slash:
var page = window.location.pathname.substr(window.location.pathname.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);

Passing variables to Javascript from "pretty" URL

My problem is, I would like to create "pretty" URLs for visitors that look like this:
http://domain.com/Name
I have users that often send friends to my service, and I have been created customized pages for each one with the person's First Name in the headline. E.g., "John, here's an easy way to fix this widget"
I then save the page as an index.html file in a custom folder so the link structure for the custom page is domain/Name with Name being their First Name.
This is getting tedious and I would love to use Javascript to automate the process. However, the only documentation I can find on passing variables to Javascript involves "ugly" domains such as domain/jspass2.html?FirstName=John&LastName=Smith
Is there a way to beautify these domains and still pass the variables to a javascript code that inputs their name into the html code? I don't want to "cloak" an ugly domain (using a href, for example)
Thanks for the help!

Well, you could make it "prettier" by making the querystring cleaner.
example:
http://www.domain.com/?John,Smith
The javascript in your index file can read that.
var getQueryString = function() {
queryString = window.location.search;
queryStringCleaned = queryString.substring(queryString.indexOf('?') + 1 );
return queryStringCleaned;
};

if "http://domain.com/Name" is your domain, variable firstName will have the value "Name".
var firstName = window.location.pathname.match(/([\w-]+)\/?.*/)[1];

You could just take the whole URL in JS, and parse it "by hand". Use this regex (for example) to find the parameters passed.

In addition to Paul, I wrote you something that extracts the first name field from the url you provided. If the format is consistent, and you can obtain the url in javascript, you can use this. You may possibly have to create the page first, then redirect the user because javascript is a client side language and the page will already be rendered.
var url = "domain/jspass2.html?FirstName=John&LastName=Smith";
url = url.slice(url.indexOf("FirstName=") + 10, url.length);
url = url.slice(0, url.indexOf("&"));

Use URL Parameter to call a line of text using JS?

I'm hoping to call a line of text by using a simple URL parameter. Say I had an ordered list in javascript and on load of url example.com/?i=14 would get the 14th line in my list and place it where desired.
How can I achieve this?

I'm not sure what you mean by "call a line of text," but maybe you could do this:
var url = window.location.href;
var queryPos = url.indexOf('i=');
var param = url.substr(queryPos + 'i='.length);
Now param will contain the value of the parameter and you could use it to fetch whatever.
But since you're trying to access a value from a URL with JavaScript, it might be better to make use of # as explained here: How do I get the value after hash (#) from a URL using jquery (there are non-jquery answers as well)

Hopefully this is what you need.
To place an array element where you need it on document load
<div id="placeHere"></div>
In JS
document.body.onload = function(){
document.getElementById('placeHere').innerHTML = array[14];
}
jQuery
$(document).ready(function(){
$('#placeHere').html(array[14]);
})

JS split OR Logical Operator

User inputs a web address that I want to get only the tail from, as I do know what site he inputs.
So first I want to remove the "main" URL and get what ever is at the end, so my action is:
Original link: http://example.com/something
var n=e.split("http://example.com/");e=n[1];
And I will get "something"
The problem is that site can also be secured, thus having https not http. Therefore the split wont work.
How do I define a split function, that would work like this:
split("http://example.com/ || https://example.com/")
I do not want to split by looking at "//" or anything of that sort, I want an exact address.

If you like it clear and want to avoid regular expressions, try this:
var n=e.split("http://example.com/",2).pop().split("https://example.com/",2).pop();

If you wish to know the host you can do so by using this code instead in JavaScript:
window.location.host
Source Get The Current Domain Name With Javascript (Not the path, etc.)
You can also use window.location.path to get the URL that was requested, combining those you get:
window.location.host + window.location.pathname
For me, this outputs stackoverflow.com/posts/25203020/edit while writing this reply.

var s = "http://example.com/something";
function split (url) {
var r = /([^:]+):\/\/([^\/]+)\/(.*)/gi;
var a = r.exec(url)
return [a[1], a[2], a[3]];
}

How to remove part of the URL within window.location?

I have fetched window.location into a variable. Now, I want to remove part of the string from the href within the location object, but still retain the object.
In other words, I want to modify the location object, and still be able to use window.location.protocol and window.location.host, but those functions need to work on the modified object.
For example, something like this where my browser displays "https://my.domain.org/site":
var thisloc = window.location;
Modify the href within that object to "http://my.domain.org/othersite"
//now I want it to fetch "http" instead of "https" based on my modified object
var thisprot = thisloc.protocol;
Will that work? If it does, it would be very nice. Otherwise, I have to parse the URL to get the protocol, host and pathname from a modified href, which would also accomplish the same goal.

Inspired by James Padosley's post on Parsing URLs with the DOM!, the trick here is to use an anchor element (<a>) as a URL builder/parser. With any anchor element, if you set its href property to some URL, it will be parsed by the DOM. Thereafter, you can freely modify the parts of that URL via properties on the anchor element. Query the href property at any time to see the full URL.
Using the example from the question…
var builder = document.createElement("a");
builder.href = "https://my.domain.org/site";
builder.protocol = "http://";
builder.pathname = "/othersite";
console.log(builder.href); // http://my.domain.org/othersite
At this point the anchor element's href will now be http://my.domain.org/othersite, as requested. Here's a JS Bin demonstrating it in action: http://jsbin.com/omoqen/1/edit.
The beauty is that anchor elements have the same URL component properties as the window.location object:
protocol
host
hostname
port
pathname
search
hash

These are browser properties - you can fetch and modify the values, but referring to the property won't work in the way you describe.