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Change or update the visible part of query string in the browser address bar using JS or jQuery?

I am wondering is there any solution to change or update the URL's query string part (visible in the browser's address bar) with some new values by clicking on some checkboxes through JavaScript or Jquery. I want to do this without any jQuery plugin.
When the user will click on any checkbox in a group then the data will be fetched from the database based on the user's selected value of checkbox. Along with it, the query string of URL will also be changed with new updated value. Note that the page will never be reloaded in this whole procedure. We can run through AJAX when checkbox is checked. How we can achieve this? A demo will be very much appreciated.

Yeah, this is a very common thing to do. window.replaceState is the function you're looking for. Alternatively you could also use pushState if you want to allow the user to be able to go back to the previous state of checkboxes, but that's more work and not always expected.
Then again, you actually need something to change one URL into another. Manipulating the URL as string is counter productive, so instead you can use a library like URI.js.

Use window.history like so :
window.history.pushState('page2', 'Title', '/new-uri');
For your case , you will have 2 nested functions: Event Listener which contains AJAX call + Callback of this ajax call :
$('[input]').change(function(){
if(this.checked){
//AJAX
$.get("URL",{},function(data){
//AJAX - Callback
window.history.pushState('page2', data.title, data.url);
});
}
});

How to get all the Form elements, with values, in a popup window

I have one functionality to get the print of current page. So to prepare the content, I am showing everything on one popup up first then later a print popup and then print command.
Trying to do the same with below code.
$('#button').on('click',function() {
var popup = window.open("","mypopup","width=500,height=300");
var html = $("#form").html();
$(popup.document.body).html(html);
popup.print();
});
JSFiddle
Tried with clone() method as well but not working.
So the issue is, I am not getting the element's values in my popup.
Thanks

HI Use simple jquery line for each input field.
You can add a value attribute for your input fields.
I have changed your script a bit. Please refer it.
$('#button').on('click',function() {
var popup = window.open("","mypopup","width=500,height=300");
// I am setting the value attribute in the html . Do this for all fields
// with similar input fields you can have a jQuery('input').each(); loop
$('#name').attr('value',$('#name').val());
var html = $("#form").html();
$(popup.document.body).html(html);
popup.print();
});

Manually send the data from form through ajax call and store it in a local websql (browser)storage which can be retrived in the print preview dialog box

Automatically updating a PHP variable when a radio button or dropdown menu item is selected

My classmates and I are building a small submission form in which a user submits shipping and billing information for their order.
The two main factors that effect the order price are the type of shipping the user selects ( $shippingType ) and the price of the item ( $initialPrice ). The variable $totalPrice is then defined which adds $shippingPrice and $initialPrice.
What we are working towards is having $totalPrice update when $shippingPrice is changed without the user having to resubmit the form. Can this be solved using php? Or would we have to use a jquery event to update the page in realtime.

You'll want to use some sort of jQuery as mentioned above. It's important to understand that PHP is only used either in AJAX, or before the page has loaded. Meaning you cannot use PHP on a page that has already been loaded. To change elements after it's loaded you would need to use javascript/jquery of some sort. I've attached a quick fiddle to illustrate an example of what I think you're looking for.
The gist of it is that you would bind a change event so that when the elements you want to use for mathing are changed you can update the other items.
$('#shipping').bind('focus, change', function() {
//Get the inital value of the #cost input
var initial_val = parseInt($("#cost").val());
//Value from the #shipping input
var additional = parseInt($("#shipping").val());
//Parsed ints because '+' is used for concatination as well, so making the vars ints will make '+' go back to math.
$("#cost").val(initial_val + additional);
});
No it's not the prettiest, but it works.
Here's the Fiddle:
http://jsfiddle.net/Lb486ck8/2/

You will have to use Javascript to accomplish this behavior. Furthermore, you will need to use AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript And XML) to make it work. AJAX is a way for Javascript to send requests to a web page "behind the scenes" while your page stays in the foreground.
http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.post/

Autocomplete and open new window

Goal: User enters one item in text box that has autofill, after clicking button they are taken to a second page that has other corresponding items already filled out in form.
Problem: Autofill works but becomes erased/wiped out when second page opens (in other words the form is blank.
Question: I suspect I am not properly associating the actions of "form auto fill" and "open second page" with the one button. Any ideas?
$("#nextbutton").click(function () {
$("#favorite_appetizer").trigger("meals");
window.location.href = 'dinner-ideas.html';
});

Well probably problem is already solved, but try adding $_GET into javascript href, like:
window.location.href = '/index.php?first=1&second=2';
Part in part after you declare variable names and values that you can catch in second php page, like:
$_GET['first'];
$_GET['second'];
Ofcourse you need to get values from form elements with .val() or .text() and etc.
And ofcourse this has drawbacks, best used for numbers and words but not texts with symbols. Knowing more about type of form content would help, like if its data to be saved to database, you could AJAX half filled form, then retrieve its data from database with a query. If you are just filtering data, you can URL $_GET database ids of form elements, then query in second page by those ids. So again, depends on data in your forms that you want to pass to second page.

Simple form that redirects with query string from field

I am brushing up on my HTML while in the process of learning django and am wanting to create a form (single field and button). The button, when pushed should redirect to a page with the value in the form as a query string. For example, if the user types in "test", then pushes the button, they should be redirected to "webpage.com?test".
Am I correct in thinking the best way to do this is with javascript? If so, would anyone mind providing an example?
Thanks!

document.forms[0].addEventListener('submit', function() {
window.location.href = 'webpage.com?fieldname='
+ document.getElementById('yourfieldid').value;
}, false);
since you haven't posted any code i just took the first form on the page and found a fictitious field to use as the query string parameter.

You can do the redirection directly with javascript:
location.href = "webpage.com?" + your_variable
Or make a form that is targeted at webpage.com which has an input area named test. in this way, when it is submitted the test value will automatically be added to the url.
When you click on the button change that value and submit the form:
$('#button').click(function() {
$('#your_test_field').val(your_variable);
$('#your_form').submit();
}

window.location.href="mypage.php?arg="+variable