I'm learning JavaScript and going through this tutorial on jQuery's website.
In following example
// A function being attached to an object at runtime
var myName = "the global object";
var sayHello = function ()
{
console.log("Hi! My name is " + this.myName);
};
var myObject = {
myName: "Rebecca"
};
var secondObject = {
myName: "Colin"
};
myObject.sayHello = sayHello;
secondObject.sayHello = sayHello;
sayHello(); // "Hi! My name is the global object"
myObject.sayHello(); // "Hi! My name is Rebecca"
secondObject.sayHello(); // "Hi! My name is Colin"
I don't see expected output when sayHello() is invoked. Instead variable is undefined. But if I define global variable by assigning it to window.myName it works.
I'm using Chrome Version 25.0.1364.152 m.
Is tutorial incorrect or am I missing something ?
Full HTML is here: http://pastebin.com/4M27vDB4
UPDATE: Accepted answer explains what happened. I also want to mention possible solution - declaring global variable above without var. Because of following:
Furthermore, variables that are declared inside a function without the
var keyword are not local to the function — JavaScript will traverse
the scope chain all the way up to the window scope to find where the
variable was previously defined. If the variable wasn't previously
defined, it will be defined in the global scope, which can have
unexpected consequences.
You have put this code inside
$(document).ready(function ()
// ...
});
closure. In this case context inside it will not be window (it will be document object) and you will get undefined as you describe.
in your program you have used this.myName. this keyword is used to point current object. when you call only sayHello() then in that case "this" means "window" because default current object is window. Now you have not defined window.myName then it will give "undefined".
Related
I implemented this code by using javascript to check how this works in arrow function.
variable = 'Global variable';
function normalFunc () {
console.log(this.variable);
}
const arrowFunc = () => {
console.log(this.variable);
};
const objNormal = {
variable: 'Inner variable',
func: normalFunc
};
const objArrow = {
variable: 'Inner variable',
func: arrowFunc
};
objNormal.func();
objArrow.func();
arrowFunc();
I learned that this refers to global object in arrow function, so i expected the output like this👇
Inner variable
Global variable
Global variable
BUT the actual output was this...👇
Inner variable
undefined
undefined
Actually, it's really strange because this depends on where to run this code... in JS Fiddle, this refer to global object as i expected. But in my terminal and this playground site, this does not refer to global object.
Am i misunderstanding about this or just something is missing in my code?
Please help me to understand why this happens.
The website linked transpiles the JS code to be inside a function, so this is not window. If you change your first line to be
this.variable = 'Global variable';
the code works as expected.
When this is pasted into a .js file (filename.js) and ran with node (node filename.js), the this keyword is an empty object while global is a completely different thing. This is different from running this code in the REPL mode, where this === global.
In both cases, when you just say variable = 'Global variable';, you're assigning to window.variable or global.variable, so you can't access it with this.variable.
I initialized a variable of function through "." outside the function. Regarding closure rule, it should be set inside the function scope and after execution should be gone. But
Why after calling the function variable still exists?
Why can I access inside a function only through "."?
I initialized variable outside of the function through "." like f1.a = "any variable".
I checked if the variable of function initialized outside is accessible inside a function without ".":
I tried to get access to the variable inside the function. It seems if I get access to the variable by itself without "." it gives me an error "variable is not defined".
I checked if the variable of function initialized outside will be gone after function execution:
I call function and check if the value of the variable after execution is still available. Yes, it was still there.
f1.a = "any variable";
function f1(){
(function()
{
console.log(a);
}()) // a is not defined
}
f1();
console.log(f1.a); // after f1(), f1.a still exist
I expected variable "a" visible by itself inside the "f1" since I initialized inside the function scope f1.a = "any variable", but I can get access only with "."
I expected variable "a" will be gone after execution f1(), but it still exists
There are several things you need to understand to get a clear idea of what's happening here. First, JavaScript hoists function definitions to the top of the file.
Knowing that, you could imagine your code is something like this once JavaScript interprets it:
var f1 = function (){
(function()
{
console.log(a);
}()) // a is not defined
}
f1.a = "any variable"
f1();
console.log(f1.a);
Secondly, in your first console.log(a) you are referencing a variable a which was never declared. If you change that to console.log(f1.a) you'll see the value of f1.a as expected.
It's also not clear why you are using an immediately invoked function inside of your f1 function. It makes analyzing this code even more complex. It seems like you are trying to get a better understanding of how closures work? But for closures you should be interested in variables declared inside of f1, rather than properties of f1. For example, something like this.
f1 = function (){
var a = 'something'
return function()
{
console.log(a);
}
}
var closure = f1();
// f1 is finished running here.
closure(); // closure still has access to f1's variable.
I think the three areas you could learn more about to understand the code above are 1. Scope and especially hoisting 2. Objects, this and object properties and 3. Closures.
I have this object:
var test = {
setup: function() { property = 'hello!'; console.log(this); }
};
When I run test.setup(); and print out test.property(); it gives me undefined. I understand it's because I need to do this.property but my question is: why?
I can clearly see that the context is the test object via console.log(this), but for some reason it doesn't work.
Thanks
When JavaScript finds a loose assignment like property = 'hello!', it will create a global variable (or raise an error, if in strict mode). So if you want it to be a property, you have to be explicit.
Because in this situation, property = 'hello!' is the same as window.property = 'hello!', not this.property = 'hello!'.
If you assign to an undeclared variable, it will create a global variable.
When you declare variable with "no var" you will "accidentally" create global variable (attached to window object) so rule of thumb: Always use "var" with variable declaration.
With "var" here, you will create local variable to setup function.
Today, I got completely surprised when I saw that a global variable has undefined value in a certain case.
Example:
var value = 10;
function test() {
//A
console.log(value);
var value = 20;
//B
console.log(value);
}
test();
Gives output as
undefined
20
Here, why is the JavaScript engine considering global value as undefined? I know that JavaScript is an interpreted language. How is it able to consider variables in the function?
Is that a pitfall from the JavaScript engine?
This phenomenon is known as: JavaScript Variable Hoisting.
At no point are you accessing the global variable in your function; you're only ever accessing the local value variable.
Your code is equivalent to the following:
var value = 10;
function test() {
var value;
console.log(value);
value = 20;
console.log(value);
}
test();
Still surprised you're getting undefined?
Explanation:
This is something that every JavaScript programmer bumps into sooner or later. Simply put, whatever variables you declare are always hoisted to the top of your local closure. So, even though you declared your variable after the first console.log call, it's still considered as if you had declared it before that.
However, only the declaration part is being hoisted; the assignment, on the other hand, is not.
So, when you first called console.log(value), you were referencing your locally declared variable, which has got nothing assigned to it yet; hence undefined.
Here's another example:
var test = 'start';
function end() {
test = 'end';
var test = 'local';
}
end();
alert(test);
What do you think this will alert? No, don't just read on, think about it. What's the value of test?
If you said anything other than start, you were wrong. The above code is equivalent to this:
var test = 'start';
function end() {
var test;
test = 'end';
test = 'local';
}
end();
alert(test);
so that the global variable is never affected.
As you can see, no matter where you put your variable declaration, it is always hoisted to the top of your local closure.
Side note:
This also applies to functions.
Consider this piece of code:
test("Won't work!");
test = function(text) { alert(text); }
which will give you a reference error:
Uncaught ReferenceError: test is not defined
This throws off a lot of developers, since this piece of code works fine:
test("Works!");
function test(text) { alert(text); }
The reason for this, as stated, is because the assignment part is not hoisted. So in the first example, when test("Won't work!") was run, the test variable has already been declared, but has yet to have the function assigned to it.
In the second example, we're not using variable assignment. Rather, we're using proper function declaration syntax, which does get the function completely hoisted.
Ben Cherry has written an excellent article on this, appropriately titled JavaScript Scoping and Hoisting.
Read it. It'll give you the whole picture in full detail.
I was somewhat disappointed that the problem here is explained, but no one proposed a solution. If you want to access a global variable in function scope without the function making an undefined local var first, reference the var as window.varName
Variables in JavaScript always have function-wide scope. Even if they were defined in the middle of the function, they are visible before. Similar phenomena may be observed with function hoisting.
That being said, the first console.log(value) sees the value variable (the inner one which shadows the outer value), but it has not yet been initialized. You can think of it as if all variable declarations were implicitly moved to the beginning of the function (not inner-most code block), while the definitions are left on the same place.
See also
Javascript function scoping and hoisting
Javascript variable declarations at the head of a function
There is a global variable value, but when control enters the test function, another value variable is declared, which shadows the global one. Since variable declarations (but not assignments) in JavaScript are hoisted to the top of scope in which they are declared:
//value == undefined (global)
var value = 10;
//value == 10 (global)
function test() {
//value == undefined (local)
var value = 20;
//value == 20 (local)
}
//value == 10 (global)
Note that the same is true of function declarations, which means you can call a function before it appears to be defined in your code:
test(); //Call the function before it appears in the source
function test() {
//Do stuff
}
It's also worth noting that when you combine the two into a function expression, the variable will be undefined until the assignment takes place, so you can't call the function until that happens:
var test = function() {
//Do stuff
};
test(); //Have to call the function after the assignment
The simplest way to keep access to outer variables (not just of global scope) is, of course, to try to not re-declare them under the same name in functions; just do not use var there. The use of proper descriptive naming rules is advised. With those, it will be hard to end up with variables named like value (this aspect is not necessarily related to the example in the question as this variable name might have been given for simplicity).
If the function might be reused elsewhere and hence there is no guarantee that the outer variable actually defined in that new context, Eval function can be used. It is slow in this operation so it is not recommended for performance-demanding functions:
if (typeof variable === "undefined")
{
eval("var variable = 'Some value';");
}
If the outer scope variable you want access to is defined in a named function, then it might be attached to the function itself in the first place and then accessed from anywhere in the code -- be it from deeply nested functions or event handlers outside of everything else. Notice that accessing properties is way slower and would require you to change the way you program, so it is not recommended unless it is really necessary: Variables as properties of functions (JSFiddle):
// (the wrapper-binder is only necessary for using variables-properties
// via "this"instead of the function's name)
var functionAsImplicitObjectBody = function()
{
function someNestedFunction()
{
var redefinableVariable = "redefinableVariable's value from someNestedFunction";
console.log('--> functionAsImplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty: ', functionAsImplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty);
console.log('--> redefinableVariable: ', redefinableVariable);
}
var redefinableVariable = "redefinableVariable's value from someFunctionBody";
console.log('this.variableAsProperty: ', this.variableAsProperty);
console.log('functionAsImplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty: ', functionAsImplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty);
console.log('redefinableVariable: ', redefinableVariable);
someNestedFunction();
},
functionAsImplicitObject = functionAsImplicitObjectBody.bind(functionAsImplicitObjectBody);
functionAsImplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty = "variableAsProperty's value, set at time stamp: " + (new Date()).getTime();
functionAsImplicitObject();
// (spread-like operator "..." provides passing of any number of arguments to
// the target internal "func" function in as many steps as necessary)
var functionAsExplicitObject = function(...arguments)
{
var functionAsExplicitObjectBody = {
variableAsProperty: "variableAsProperty's value",
func: function(argument1, argument2)
{
function someNestedFunction()
{
console.log('--> functionAsExplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty: ',
functionAsExplicitObjectBody.variableAsProperty);
}
console.log("argument1: ", argument1);
console.log("argument2: ", argument2);
console.log("this.variableAsProperty: ", this.variableAsProperty);
someNestedFunction();
}
};
return functionAsExplicitObjectBody.func(...arguments);
};
functionAsExplicitObject("argument1's value", "argument2's value");
I was running into the same problem even with global variables. My problem, I discovered, was global variable do Not persist between html files.
<script>
window.myVar = 'foo';
window.myVarTwo = 'bar';
</script>
<object type="text/html" data="/myDataSource.html"></object>
I tried to reference myVar and myVarTwo in the loaded HTML file, but received the undefined error.
Long story/day short, I discovered I could reference the variables using:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<!! other stuff here !!>
<script>
var myHTMLVar = this.parent.myVar
/* other stuff here */
</script>
</html>
I've been reading through quite a few articles on the 'this' keyword when using JavaScript objects and I'm still somewhat confused. I'm quite happy writing object orientated Javascript and I get around the 'this' issue by referring the full object path but I don't like the fact I still find 'this' confusing.
I found a good answer here which helped me but I'm still not 100% sure. So, onto the example. The following script is linked from test.html with <script src="js/test.js"></script>
if (!nick) {
var nick = {};
}
nick.name= function(){
var helloA = 'Hello A';
console.log('1.',this, this.helloA);
var init = function(){
var helloB = 'Hello B';
console.log('2.',this, this.helloB);
}
return {
init: init
}
}();
nick.name.init();
What kind of expected to see was
1. Object {} nick.name, 'Hello A'
2. Object {} init, 'Hello B'
But what I get is this?
1. Window test.html, undefined
2. Object {} init, undefined
I think I understand some of what's happening there but I would mind if someone out there explains it to me.
Also, I'm not entirely sure why the first 'console.log' is being called at all? If I remove the call to the init function //nick.name.init() firebug still outputs 1. Window test.html, undefined. Why is that? Why does nick.name() get called by the window object when the html page loads?
Many thanks
Also, I'm not entirely sure why the first 'console.log' is being called at all?
nick.name = function(){
// ...
}();
Here you define a function, call it immediately (hence ()) and assign its return value ({init: init}) to nick.name
So the execution is:
Create a variable called nick if there isn't one with a non-falsey value already
Create an anonymous function that…
Creates a variable called helloA in its own scope
Outputs data using console.log containing "1" (as is), this (the window because the function is executing in the global context instead of as a method), and this.helloA (window.helloA, which doesn't exist.
Defines a function called init
Returns an object which gets assigned to nick.name
Then you call nick.name.init() which executes the init function in the context of name.
This defines helloB
Then it console.logs with "2" (as is), this (name), and this.helloB (nick.name.helloB - which doesn't exist)
So the first output you get is from console.log('1.',this, this.helloA);
I think your main problem is that you are confusing this.foo (properties on the object on which a method is being called) with variable scope (variables available to a function)
It's much simpler if you think about this as a function, not as a variable. Essentially, this is a function which returns current "execution context", that is, the object the current function was "applied" to. For example, consider the following
function t() { console.log(this)}
this will return very different results depending upon how you call it
t() // print window
bar = { func: t }
bar.func() // print bar
foo = { x: 123 }
t.apply(foo) // print foo
this is defined on a per-function basis when the function call is made. When you call a function as o.f(), this will be o within the function, and when you call it as f(), this will be the global object (for browsers, this is the window).
You wrote nick.name = function(){...}(); and the right-hand part is of the form f(), hence the Window.
var foo = bar; defines a local variable. It may not be accessed as this.foo (well, except when you're at global scope, but that's silly). To define a member, you usually write this.foo = bar; instead.
This is what your code does:
It creates an object and assigns to the variable nick.
It creates an anonymous function.
It calls the function (in the window scope).
It assigns the return value (an object containing the init property) to the name property of the object.
It gets the value from the init property, which is a method delegate, and calls the method.
The anonymous function does this:
It declares a local variable named helloA and assigns a string to it. (Creating a local variable doesn't add it as a property to the current object.)
It logs this (window) and the helloA property (which doesn't exist).
It creates an anonymous function and assignes to the local variable init.
It creates an object with the property init and the value from the local variable init.
The anonymous function assigned to the init property does this:
It declares a local variable named helloB and assigns a string to it. (Creating a local variable doesn't add it as a property to the current object.)
It logs this (the object from the name property, not the nick variable), and the helloB property (which doesn't exist).