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Multiple toggling buttons and texts with a single function

$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
$("#answer").toggle(1000);
});
});
this only works for the IDs "answer" and "button", the challenge for me its getting multiple pairs of these IDs (answer1 - button1, answer2 - button2, and so on) to work with this single function

You haven't included the relevant HTML so I can only guess/assume what it might look like in my demo/example.
For multiple elements it is best to use a class to group them.
$(document).ready(function() {
$(".answerTog").click(function() {
$(this).prev('.answer').toggle(1000);
});
});
.Question {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.answer {
display: none;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="Question">
<input type="text" placeholder="Question One" />
<span class="answer">Question One Answer.</span>
<button class="answerTog">See Answer</button>
</div>
<div class="Question">
<input type="text" placeholder="Question Two" />
<span class="answer">Question Two Answer.</span>
<button class="answerTog">See Answer</button>
</div>
<div class="Question">
<input type="text" placeholder="Question Three" />
<span class="answer">Question Three Answer.</span>
<button class="answerTog">See Answer</button>
</div>
If your button is before the answer then you can simply use
$(this).next('.answer').toggle(1000);
$(this) will target the specific element used to trigger the function call, in this instance the button being clicked.
.prev('.answer') will target the previous element with the class name of answer
.next('.answer') will target the next element with the class name of answer
JsFiddle Demo
If you have any questions about the source code above please leave a comment below and I will get back to you as soon as possible.
I hope this helps. Happy coding!

You are currently using an ID property to call that button ($('#')) You want to call them by classes.
IDs should be unique and only used in 1 DOM element.
Trying to use ID the script will only pick the 1st element it comes across; and the code will only work for that one button.
With classes you create an Object for all of your elements, with jQuery you just have to call the element by its class, and run the code normally - I note this because in JS you would have to add the index to the element call.
For example:
<canvas id="main"></canvas>
<div class="elem"></div>
<div class="elem"></div>
<div class="elem"></div>
<script>
var canvas = $('#main'), // return 1 element
elements = $('.elem'); // return 3 elements
</script>
So for anything that involves multiple elements you must call them by class or tag name.
In vanilla JS you would look at something like this:
<script>
var elem = document.querySelectorAll('.elem');
console.log(elem[0]);
</script>
So, your code would then just need to call those elements by class; and you can set custom classes for different purposes.
$(document).ready(function() {
var btns = $('.btn');
btns.click(function() {
btns.toggle(1000);
});
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<button class="btn">Button</button>
<button class="btn">Button</button>
<button class="btn">Button</button>
<button class="btn">Button</button>
<button class="btn">Button</button>

Find previous <a> element?

SOMEUSERNAME
<div class="col s9">
<p id="p_50">Some message</p>
<br>
<br>
<span class="forumtools">
<strong>
<a onclick="quote(\'p#p_50\')">Quote</a>
</strong>
<span class="right">Written SOMEDATE</span>
</span>
</div>
JQuery/JS:
function quote(post) { $(post).text(); }
This works to fetch the posts message, but how do I go about finding the Username?
I have tried using $(post).prev('a').text();, and $(post).parent().prev('a').text();, but nothing seems to work.

You can do it without jQuery. If possible, change the html and pass the current link to the function, like this:
<a onclick="quote(\'p#p_50\', this)">Quote</a>
Then you can just search through all links:
function quote(str, currentLink) {
var allLinks = document.getElementsByTagName("a"); // get all links in document
var index = allLinks.indexOf(currentLink);
if (index > 0) {
var prevLink = allLinks[index-1];
console.log(prevLink); // log it to browser console
} else {
console.log("there is no previous link");
}
}

By looking at the DOM structure, it should work with $(post).parent().prev().text().
Alternative way, how about you wrap all of them with <div>, like this: XD
<div id="message1">
SOMEUSERNAME
<div class="col s9">
<p id="p_50">Some message</p>
<br>
<br>
<span class="forumtools">
<strong>
<a onclick="quote(\'#message1\')">Quote</a> //change to wrapper id
</strong>
<span class="right">Written SOMEDATE</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
then to get the post text: $(post).find('#p_50').text();
to get the username: $(post).find('a:first').text();

Looking at your sample HTML, if you're at p, just go to parent element and get the closest a and you should be fine:
function quote(post) {
var post = $(post).text();
var user = $(post).parent().closest('a').text();
}

Perhaps using parent() and then previous()
var ancortext = $(post).parent().prev().text();
A function example below.
function username(post) {
return $(post).parent().prev().text();
}
Note: This smells to me, your code is very much tied into the structure of the HTML this way. If you alter the HTML, chances are your javascript will break.
I have copied your code into my own HTML document, and confirmed that the jquery method calls above output the desired result. If you are not, then something is different with your source HTML and the source that you posted, or your jquery functions differ from the ones stated in this answer :)

your onclick attribute is wrong,because onclick accept javascript,so the value could be support js,then onclick="quote('p#p50')".
function quote(post) {
var subject = $(post).text();
var user=$(post).parent().prev('a').text();
console.log('posted '+subject+' by '+user);
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
SOMEUSERNAME
<div class="col s9">
<p id="p_50">Some message</p>
<br>
<br>
<span class="forumtools">
<strong>
<a onclick="quote('p#p_50')">Quote</a>
</strong>
<span class="right">Written SOMEDATE</span>
</span>
</div>

Javascript to get link text

My HTML looks like this:
<div class="col-md-2" id="myName1">
<p>
Get This Text
</p>
</div>
The question is how do I get the text "Get this Text"
Something like this, but getting that text which is wrapped in the p and a tags:
function () {
return document.getElementById('TextID');
}

You can search for the first p inside your myName1 element, then the first a within that.
var e = document.getElementById('myName1').
getElementsByTagName('p')[0].
getElementsByTagName('a')[0];
var theText = e.innerHTML;
console.log(theText);
// or, in sufficiently-modern browsers
e = document.querySelector('#myName1 p a');
theText = e.innerHTML;
console.log( theText );
<div class="col-md-2" id="myName1">
<p>
Get This Text
</p>
</div>

Try adding the following in your function:
return document.querySelector('#myName1 p a').innerHTML

Simply using document.getElementById('anchorID').text; assuming anchor has id of anchorID. The text property sets or returns the text content of a link.
EDIT 1 : If you are not able to add the ID, then you need to take long path by going to document.getElementByID and then reach to the element using the document.getElementsByTagName
var myAnchor = document.getElementById("myName1").getElementsByTagName('p')[0].getElementsByTagName('a')[0];
console.log(myAnchor.text);
<div class="col-md-2" id="myName1">
<p>
<a id="anchorID" href="/something/121212">Get This Text</a>
</p>
</div>

you can use the get element by tag name method, but it returns an array of results so you will have to consider that, in your example, this works...
var a=document.getElementById('myName1');
console.log(a.getElementsByTagName('p')[0].getElementsByTagName('a')[0].innerHTML);
<div class="col-md-2" id="myName1">
<p>
Get This Text
</p>
</div>

Check this code, you can use innerHtml attribute
<script>
function gettext()
{
return document.getElementById('link').innerHTML;
}
</script>
<div class="col-md-2" id="myName1">
<p>
Get This Text
</p>
</div>
<script>
alert(gettext());
</script>

Or if you are using JQuery
$("#myName1 p a").text();

How to get prev textarea element

I want to get a text from a textarea after clicking on button that is next to the textarea.
The problem is that I will have many textareas and every button must returns the text of the textarea that corresponds to it.
This is my code
function btnmodif(){
var mod = $(this).prev().val();
alert(mod);
};
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="list-item-edit">
<textarea class="list_input">eggs</textarea>
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif()">get text</button>
</div>
<div class="list-item-edit">
<textarea class="list_input">water</textarea>
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif()">get text</button>
</div>

You have to pass object clicked to btnmodif function.
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif(this)">get text</button>
JS
function btnmodif(button){
var mod = $(button).prev().val();
alert(mod);
};
Also, you should use .prev function.
Read more about .prev() function, here.
function btnmodif(button){
var mod = $(button).prev().val();
alert(mod);
};
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="list-item-edit">
<textarea class="list_input">eggs</textarea>
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif(this)">get text</button>
</div>
<div class="list-item-edit">
<textarea class="list_input">water</textarea>
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif(this)">get text</button>
</div>

Firstly, you need to pass the clicked element as context to the function:
onClick="btnmodif(this)"
...
function btnmodif(button){
Second, if the HTML structure will remain the same (i.e. the textarea is always going to be the element immediately before the button), then you can use prev()
var mod = $(button).prev('textarea').val();
https://api.jquery.com/prev/
If that structure isn't guaranteed to be maintained, then .siblings() gives you a bit more flexibility, as it searches through all the elements at the same hierarchical level in the DOM to find what you want:
var mod = $(button).siblings('textarea').val();
https://api.jquery.com/siblings/

Here is what are you looking for.
Add this as parameter to your button.onclick
Thanks to jQuery:
Using $(element).parent(), you get your div element.
Using $(element).parent().find('.list_input'), you get your textarea element.
Using $(element).parent().find('.list_input').text() gives you the value of the textarea "related to" the clicked button.
function btnmodif(element){
var result = $(element).parent().find('.list_input').text();
alert(result);
};
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="list-item-edit">
<textarea class="list_input">eggs</textarea>
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif(this)">get text</button>
</div>
<div class="list-item-edit">
<textarea class="list_input">water</textarea>
<button class="btn btn-modify-item" onClick="btnmodif(this)">get text</button>
</div>

You're missing the this from the inline handler specification:
https://jsfiddle.net/3mvod6ux/
Use siblings with a selector to get the textarea's value that belong to the same block of the button clicked.
function btnmodif(button){
var mod = $(button).siblings("textarea").val();
alert(mod);
};

Another way to do this task .
Instead to use HTML event attribute this is better approach.
var btnModifyItem = $('.btn-modify-item');
btnModifyItem.click(function(){
var mod = $(this).prev().val();
alert(mod);
})

This way you can get the parent of button (and textarea) and then can get the text from child textarea:
$('button').on('click', function () {
console.log(($(this).parent().find("textarea").text()));
});

How to remove a div in the parent structure?

I am trying to remove some elements using a link. The elements that I am trying to remove are in a link's parent div, but i cannot seem to remove them.
Here is the HTML:
<div class="QR-answer-holder">
<label class="QR-answer-label">Enter an answer:</label>
<input class="QR-answer-input textbox" type="text" name="answer" />
</div>
<a class="new-answer new-qr-answer-space" href="javascript:void(0)">New answer space</a> |
<a class="remove-answer remove-qr-answer-space" href="javascript:void(0)">Remove Answer Space</a>
Here is the JQuery:
$remove_qr_answer = $(".remove-qr-answer-space");
$remove_qr_answer.live("click", function() {
$(this).parent.$(".QR-answer-holder").$(".QR-answer-label").remove();
$(this).parent.$(".QR-answer-holder").$(".QR-answer-input").remove();
});
Is there anyway to make it so the remove button removes the label and input closest to the end of the div? (or does it do that automatically)?

You're accessing the .parent() node from that anchor .new-qr-answer-space.
Infact, you need to get the .sibling(), since the div.QR-answer-holder is not the parent node:
$remove_qr_answer = $(".remove-qr-answer-space");
$remove_qr_answer.live("click", function() {
$(this).siblings(".QR-answer-holder").find(".QR-answer-label:last, .QR-answer-input:last").remove();
});

try
$remove_qr_answer = $(".remove-qr-answer-space");
$remove_qr_answer.live("click", function() {
$(this).parent().find($(".QR-answer-holder").remove();
});
and it should remove the lable and input as those are inside the placeholder

see siblings:
$(this).siblings('.QR-answer-holder .QR-answer-label').remove();
this would remove the elements '.QR-answer-holder .QR-answer-label' from the same dom node as this.

Try using this
HTML:
<div class="QR-answer-holder">
<label class="QR-answer-label">Enter an answer:</label>
<input class="QR-answer-input textbox" type="text" name="answer" />
</div>
<a class="new-answer new-qr-answer-space" href="#">New answer space</a> |
<a class="remove-answer remove-qr-answer-space" href="#">Remove Answer Space</a>
JavaScript:
$remove_qr_answer = $(".remove-qr-answer-space");
$remove_qr_answer.live("click", function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$(this).siblings(".QR-answer-holder").find(".QR-answer-label,.QR-answer-input").remove();
});

parent is a method, not a property. There is no $ method in the jQuery object, you use the find method to locate children:
$(this).parent().find(".QR-answer-holder .QR-answer-label").remove();
$(this).parent().find(".QR-answer-holder .QR-answer-input").remove();
Edit:
As you actually want to get the closest sibling before the link, you should use the prev method instead:
$(this).prev().find(".QR-answer-holder .QR-answer-label").remove();
$(this).prev().find(".QR-answer-holder .QR-answer-input").remove();
Or if you want to remove all elements in the div, simply:
$(this).prev().empty();