I'm building some objects that will trigger custom events, and I'm using jQuery's bind and trigger to manage this for me, like so:
function MyObject() {
var _this = this;
this.onUpdate = function(fn) {
$(_this).bind('MyObject.update', fn);
};
this.update = function(params) {
//Do stuff...
$(_this).trigger('MyObject.update', [updatedID]);
};
}
My problem is when I come to register other callback functions with onUpdate - the functions I pass in need to include the 'event' parameter for trigger to work correctly, like so:
function myCallback(event, updatedID) {
//Do more stuff...
}
var myobject = new MyObject();
myobject.onUpdate(myCallback);
Is there a nice way I can wrap the function that I pass in to bind in the onUpdate method, so that myCallback doesn't need the 'event' parameter, as it seems a bit irrelevant for my purposes?
You could use apply [MDN]:
this.onUpdate = function(fn) {
$(_this).bind('MyObject.update', function() {
var params = [].slice.call(arguments, 1); // remove first argument
fn.apply(this, params);
});
};
OT: Instead of adding the functions to each instance, you should extend the functions prototype:
MyObject.prototype.onUpdate = function(fn) {...};
MyObject.prototype.update = function(params) {...};
This way, all the instances share these functions.
Articles that are worth to be read in this regard:
MDN - Working with Objects
MDN - Details of the object model
MDN - Inheritance revisited
Related
I was wondering how does JQuery use "$" both as a function to return a new instance and an instance itself.
I guess that it's not exactly the case but I mean, we can use $(element).method and for exemple $.ajax without brackets (.ajax will still be a method).
EDIT :
I think that I misspoke. I know how objects work in JavaScript and my question was not about that.
JQuery allows us to use $ without the key word new. It has a function that returns a new instance automatically. So my question was about how it can use $ both as a function to instanciate a new object and an object itself.
Let's say we have
(function() {
var jQ = function (arg){
this.own = arg;
};
jQ.prototype = {
foo : function (){
alert("Foo");
},
bar : function (){
alert("Bar");
}
};
window.jQ = window.$ = jQ;
return jQ;
}());
In this exemple, i have to go througth the key word new if I want to use my object.
So how does JQuery do to avoid us this step ?
Function is an object in javascript: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function You can check this code:
var f = function () { alert(1); };
f.func1 = function () { alert(2); };
f.func2 = function () { alert(3); };
and you can call f(), f.func1() and so on...
It's not jQuery. In JavaScript functions are objects.
In the case of $(element).method you are passing a parameter element into the jQuery function, where with the $.ajaxcall you are calling the ajax function inside of the $ jQuery object. In both cases we are talking about the same piece of code, but we are using it two different ways.
Have a look at the raw source code for jQuery and that should help to visualize this a little: https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.1.js
Note: the jQuery function that is used repeatedly is aliased at the bottom of the page.
Remember that in JavaScript, functions are objects. So, using the specific functions you called out in your question, you could create them like this:
var $ = function(selector) {
...
};
$.ajax = function(url) {
...
};
EDIT: To respond to your edited/clarified question, you don't have to use prototyping to make constructor functions in javascript. Remember, all a constructor is doing is returning an object - here's the equivalent of your prototyping code, but without having to use the new operator to instantiate the object:
(function() {
var jQ = function (arg){
return {
own: arg,
foo: function (){
alert("Foo");
},
bar: function (){
alert("Bar");
}
}
};
window.jQ = window.$ = jQ;
return jQ;
}());
I believe this style is actually preferred by Douglas Crockford because forgetting to use the new keyword won't throw an error but you'll get some very unexpected behavior.
JQuery allows us to use $ without the key word new. It has a function that returns a new instance automatically.
Nothing magical here. The jQuery function simply returns an instance of another constructor (source):
// Define a local copy of jQuery
jQuery = function( selector, context ) {
// The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced'
// Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included)
return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context );
},
The only magic going on in the code (not shown in the example) is that jQuery.fn.init.prototype = jQuery.prototype. But jQuery.fn.init is a different function than jQuery.
Applied to your example:
var jQ = function (arg){
return new jQ.prototype.init(arg);
};
jQ.prototype = {
init: function(arg) {
this.own = arg;
},
// ...
};
jQ.prototype.init.prototype = jQ.prototype;
I'm trying to create a client-side api for a web control using the Prototype pattern. However I want to make life easier by not having to manage "this".
This is some sample code (i have commented the problematic line):
MyObject = function ()
{
MyObject.initializeBase(this);
this._someProperty = null;
};
MyObject.prototype = {
initialize: function()
{
// Init
},
get_someProperty: function()
{
return this._someProperty;
},
set_someProperty: function(value)
{
this._someProperty = value;
},
doSomething: function ()
{
$('.some-class').each(function ()
{
$(this).click(this.doClick); // this.doClick is wrong
});
},
doClick: function ()
{
alert('Hello World');
}
};
Normally, using the revealing module pattern I would declare a private variable:
var that = this;
Can I do something similar with the Prototype pattern?
You can do the exact same thing you are used to, just do it within the doSomething method:
doSomething: function ()
{
var instance = this;
$('.some-class').each(function ()
{
$(this).click(instance.doClick);
});
},
This approach has nothing to with prototype or not, it's just how to manage context with nested functions. So when a function on a prototype (method) has nested functions within in, you may have to preserve the context this at any of those level if you want to access it in a nested scope.
ES5's Function.prototype.bind() might be an option for you. You could go like
doSomething: function ()
{
$('.some-class').each(function(_, node)
{
$(node).click(this.doClick); // this.doClick is right
}.bind(this));
},
Now, we proxied each event handler by invoking .bind() and as a result, we call it in the context of the prototype object. The caveat here is, you no longer have this referencing the actuall DOM node, so we need to use the passed in arguments from jQuery instead.
I have the following code example to use an object that receives the action from the callback. Doesn't seem like this is a good design pattern. Or is it?
When setTimeOut() fires on the function after 1 second, it uses the objInstance global variable (DOM scope) to access the ClassExample object instance. Can someone recommend a better way to utilize callbacks within an object oriented design?
The whole idea is so I can use the callback to update data within my object instance (increment a variable for example).
function ClassExample{
this.initiate = function() {
setTimeOut(objInstance.afterTimeOut,1000); //using the objects global handle
}
this.afterTimeOut = function() {
alert("Received!");
}
}
var objInstance = new ClassExample(); //instance
objInstance.initiate();
No, you're not. You'll want to do this:
this.initiate = function() {
setTimeOut(objInstance.afterTimeOut,1000); //using the objects global handle
}
Now, if "afterTimeout" needs the proper object context, you could do this:
this.initiate = function() {
var instance = this;
setTimeout(function() { instance.afterTimeOut(); }, 1000);
}
OK well you changed the question considerably with that little edit :-) If I were you, I'd just do this (like my original second example):
this.initiate = function() {
var instance = this;
setTimeout(function() { instance.afterTimeOut(); }, 1000);
}
Then you don't need any ugly global variables around at all.
edit — Stackoverflow user #Christoph comments that this isn't particularly pretty. One thing that might help would be to use a "bind" facility, as provided by newer browsers natively (as a method on the Function prototype) or by some libraries (Prototype or Functional for example). What "bind" lets you do is create a little wrapper function like I've got above:
this.initiate = function() {
setTimeout(this.afterTimeOut.bind(this), 1000);
}
That call to "bind" returns a function that is effectively the same sort of thing as the little wrapper I coded explicitly in the example.
function ClassExample{
this.afterTimeOut = function() {
alert("Received!");
}; // Don't forget these
setTimeOut(afterTimeOut, 1000); // Don't use () if you're passing the function as an argument
}
var objInstance = new ClassExample(); //instance
That way you don't need the initiate() method.
If you really want the initiate() method, I'd do it like this:
function ClassExample{
var self = this;
self.afterTimeOut = function() {
alert("Received!");
};
self.initiate = function() {
setTimeOut(self.afterTimeOut, 1000);
};
}
var objInstance = new ClassExample(); //instance
objInstance.initiate();
This is how I'd do it to allow timer reuse and minimize the number of closures:
function Timer(timeout, callback) {
this.timeout = timeout;
this.callback = callback;
}
Timer.prototype.run = function(thisArg /*, args... */) {
var argArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
var timer = this;
setTimeout(function() {
timer.callback.apply(thisArg, argArray);
}, timer.timeout);
};
var timer = new Timer(1000, alert);
timer.run(null, 'timer fired!');
And just for fun, a golfed version which is functionally equivalent, but replaces the object with a closure:
function delay(func, timeout) {
return function() {
var self = this, args = arguments;
setTimeout(function() { func.apply(self, args); }, timeout);
};
}
delay(alert, 1000).call(null, 'timer fired!');
You are right it is not the optimal way of doing what you are aiming for. however i have to wonder why you need to break the callstack as part of the initiation, it seems very academic.
apart from that if i had to do that, i'd probably use a closure like so:
function ClassExample{
this.initiate = function() {
setTimeOut((function(self) { return function() { self.afterTimeout();}})(this),1000); //using the objects global handle
}
this.afterTimeOut = function() {
alert("Received!");
}
}
var objInstance = new ClassExample(); //instance
objInstance.initiate()
this.initiate = function() {
var instance = this;
setTimeOut(function() {
instance.afterTimeOut();
}, 1000);
};
By saving this to a local variable, you can avoid using the global handle at all. Also this prevent the afterTimeout() from losing it's this.
Building on Znarkus answer...
I really don't know in which environment his code is running but for me the first approach just do not works. I got: 'ReferenceError: afterTimeOut is not defined'...
The second one, nevertheless, is really cool... I just changed setTimeOut for setTimeout (using lowercase 'o') and included parenthesis after the class name definition turning the first line of code into 'function ClassExample(){'; solved my problem.
My snippet of example code:
Oop with private behaviour, intern callback calling and etc.
function MyTry (name){
// keep this object pointer... that's the trick!
var self = this;
// create private variable
var d = new Date()toJSON().slice(0, 10);
// create a private function
function getName(){return name}
// create public access method
self.hello = function(){alert('Hello '+getName()+'!\nToday is: '+d)}
// note instance method hello passed as a callback function!
self.initiate = function(){setTimeout(self.hello, 3000)}
}
Let's say I've created this plugin:
$.fn.my_namespace = function() {}
with level 1 sub functions:
$.fn.my_namespace.category_func = function() {}
and level 2 sub functions (actual application):
$.fn.my_namespace.category_func.app_func() {
alert(this);
alert(this.selector);
}
Execution:
$('div').my_namespace.category_func.app_func();
how can I now in my app_func retrieve the actual selector? In this case, 'this' seems to be the parent function (category_func) and not the jQuery object (selector).
How come? And how do I access the selector from app_func() ?
jQuerys .fn namespace is intended to hold functions which return a jQuery object / array of objects.
You can't just throw a new object in there and expect everything to work just like that.
I swear I've answered this before, but I can't seem to find it. this always refers to the object you are calling the method on. In this case you are using category_func as that object, and calling app_func().
The pattern that jQuery UI uses is one possible way to work around this issue. They allow you to call methods on a UI object by doing something like $elem.draggable('destroy');
Imagine for a moment:
$.fn.my_namespace = function(submethod, method) {
var args = [].slice.call(arguments, 1);
var func = $.fn.my_namespace[submethod];
if (func && method) {
if ($.isFunction(func[method])) {
args.shift(); // remove the method
func = func[method];
}
}
if ($.isFunction(func)) {
// using .apply() allows us to pass `this` along to our "method functions"
return func.apply(this, args);
} else {
// didn't find the method, return... or do something else...
console.log('my_namespace', this, arguments);
return this; // jQuery chaining default
}
}
$.fn.my_namespace.category_func = function() {
console.log('category_func', this, arguments);
return this;
}
$.fn.my_namespace.category_func.method_func = function() {
console.log('method_func', this, arguments);
return this;
}
$("body").my_namespace('category_func', 'method_func', 10);
//method_func jQuery(body) [10]
$("body").my_namespace('category_func', 10);
//category_func jQuery(body) [10]
$("body").my_namespace(10, 'slow');
//my_namespace jQuery(body) [10, "slow"]
I have this class where I am using a combination of jQuery and Prototype:
var MyClass = Class.create({
initElements: function(sumEl) {
this.sumEl = sumEl;
sumEl.keyup(this.updateSumHandler);
},
updateSumHandler: function(event) {
// Throws error here: "this.updateSum is not a function"
this.updateSum();
},
updateSum: function() {
// does something here
}
});
How can I call this.updateSum() after all?
You need to use closures.
initElements: function(sumEl) {
this.sumEl = sumEl;
var ref = this;
sumEl.keyup( function(){ref.updateSumHandler();});
},
Totally untested suggestion:
sumEl.keyup(this.updateSumHandler.bind(this));
.bind() gives back a new function where the first parameter of bind is closured for you as the function's this context.
It can also closure parameters, check out the documentation.
To me, Function.bind() is the single best function ever written in JavaScript :)
DOMEvent handlers are traditionally called with the elements they're registered to as context / "this". This is what jQuery does, too.
The easiest option for you would be to use jQuery's ability to handle event data
var MyClass = Class.create({
initElements: function(sumEl) {
this.sumEl = sumEl;
sumEl.bind("keyup", this, this.updateSumHandler);
},
updateSumHandler: function(event) {
// event.data is the initial this
// call updateSum with correct context
event.data.updateSum.call(event.data);
},
updateSum: function() {
// does something here
}
});
The other possibility is to use closures to define the updateHandler inside the constructor
var MyClass = Class.create({
initElements: function(sumEl) {
this.sumEl = sumEl;
// save this as that so we can access it from the anonymous function
var that = this;
sumEl.keyup(function()
{
that.updateSum();
});
},
updateSum: function() {
// does something here
}
});
This is a working example what one of the other answers tried to do. It works because the anonymous function can always access the variables in the surrounding function -- but it only works if the function is really defined in the function that has "that" as local variable.
It is the famous Javascript idiom you need to use in initElements function:
var that = this;
Later in your handler just refer to that instead of this:
var MyClass = Class.create({
initElements: function(sumEl) {
this.sumEl = sumEl;
var that = this;
sumEl.keyup(this.updateSumHandler);
},
updateSumHandler: function(event) {
that.updateSum();
},
updateSum: function() {
// does something here
}
});
It was covered in great detail in talk by Stuart Langridge on Javascript closures at Fronteers 2008 conference.