After reading this Micro templates are dead article. I've become curious:
Whether Using the DOM on the server results in cleaner more maintainable code then templating.
Whether it's more efficient to use jsdom instead of a templating engine.
How to factor jsdom into the View of a standard MVC setup.
And generally in what situations would it be better to use a server-side DOM abstraction, like jsdom rather then a templating engine, like EJS or jade.
The question is specific to node.js and other SSJS
Well, I actually needed JSDom for a small project I built over the weekend in node.js. So, on my server, I had to accept a URL to fetch, grab all of the HTML from the given URL, parse it, and display images to the user so that the user could select a thumbnail from that URL. (Kind of like when you drop a link into the Facebook input box) So, I used a module called Request which allows me to fetch HTML on the server-side. However, when that HTML reached my program, I had no way to traverse it like you do with client-side javascript. Because there was no actual DOM, I couldn't say document.getElementById('someId'). Therefore, JSDom came in handy by giving me a "makeshift" DOM that allowed me to traverse the returned HTML. Now, even though I was still on the server side, JSDOM created a window object very similar to the window object in the browser, and created a DOM out of the returned HTML. Now, even on the server, I was able to get all images by calling window.$('img'). I could target and parse the elements like normal. So, this is just one problem where JSDom turned out to be the solution, but it worked amazingly well. Hope this helps some!
Its a nice abstraction that matches a client side engineers take on how the dom is built and modified. In that respect it is 'cleaner' because there is one mental model. Its also nice because we don't have to mix a kluge of disparate syntaxes from a templating language on top of otherwise clean declarative markup as is the case with even the 'stupidest' templating system, such as mustache.
I would NOT say its more efficient to use jsdom for templating. Go take a gander at google wrt to 'memory leaks with jsdom' for instance. jsdom is rad, and is super useful for tasks like weekend projects for crawling sites, doing non-server related tasks, but I think its slow as shit from a high performance web server perspective.
There are a billion ways to factor this. No method has emerged as a 'standard' way. One way that I've seen is to send down an empty 'template', i.e. a block of html that represents a model in some way, and then use that to bootstrap building your end view from a model. From that article, for example:
<li class="contact" id="contact-template">
<span class="name"></span>
<p class="title"></p>
</li>
This is the 'view' in the classic respect. In the typical web application, it might look something more like:
<li class="contact">
<span class="name"><?= $name ?></span>
<p class="title"><?= $title ?></p>
</li>
To use mvc, one sets up a controller that is vaguely aware of the semantics of the above view and the model it represents. This view is parsed into the/a DOM and accessed via your favorite selector engine. Each time the model this represents changes, you might use change events or callbacks to update the view. For instance:
Lets imagine that 'model' fires a 'change' event every time a property changes.
controller = new Controller({
view: $('#contact-template').clone(), // Assume jquery or whatever
model: aContact
});
// Assume some initialization that sets the view up for the first time
// and appends it to the appropriate place. A la:
// this.view.find('.name').text(model.name);
// this.view.find('.title').text(model.title);
// this.view.appendTo('#contacts')
controller.on('model.name.change', function(name){
this.view.find('.name').text(name);
});
These are what systems like Weld and Backbone.js do for you. They all have varying degrees of assumptions about where this work is taking place (server-side, client-side), what framework you're using (jquery, mootools, etc), and how your changes are being distributed (REST, socket.io, etc).
Edit
Some really useful things you can do with jsdom revolve around integration testing and spidering:
https://github.com/mikeal/spider - general purpose web spider that makes use of node's event based processing and gives you jsdom/jquery to help you easily access the DOM in a programatic way
https://github.com/assaf/zombie - headless browser testing using jsdom/jquery for integration tests
https://github.com/LearnBoost/tobi - similar headless browser testing
Personally, I'd like to see a project that took tobi's approach, but mapped it on top of something like https://github.com/LearnBoost/soda such that we can do cloud based selenium testing without selenese (since imo, it sucks).
A few come to mind:
Sharing views/controllers between server and browser
Data mining / crawling / processing
Transformation for fragments of HTML used in AJAX/realtime stuff
Absolute separation of logic and content by avoiding template tags
And to answer your questions:
maybe. A lot of things affect code quality, but it's a step in the right direction
nope, templating engines will always be faster, since they can pre-compile templates
this probably warrants a new question?
point 2 of your question can be answered by this templating testcase:
go http://jsperf.com/dom-vs-innerhtml-based-templating/300
click the button "Run tests".
be patient, it compares weld vs. a lot of other template engines and gives you the current benchmarks ...
Related
I'm working within a Javascript + BackboneJS (an MVC framework) + RequireJS framework, but this question is somewhat OO generic.
Let me start by explaining that in Backbone, your Views are a mix of traditional Views and Controllers, and your HTML Templates are the traditional MVC Views
Been racking my head about this for a while and I'm not sure what the right/pragmatic approach should be.
I have a User object that contains user preferences (like unit system, language selection, anything else) that a lot of code depends on.
Some of my Views do most of the work without the use of templates (by using 3rd party libs, like Mapping and Graphing libs), and as such they have a dependency on the User object to take care of unit conversion, for example. I'm currently using RequireJS to manage that dependency without breaking encapsulation too much.
Some of my Views do very little work themselves, and only pass on Model data to my templating engine / templates, which do the work and DO have a dependency on the User object, again, for things like units conversion. The only way to pass this dependency into the template is by injecting it into the Model, and passing the model into the template engine.
My question is, how to best handle such a widely needed dependency?
- Create an App-wide reference/global object that is accessible everywhere? (YUK)
- Use RequireJS managed dependencies, even though it's generally only recommended to use managed dependency loading for class/object definitions rather than concrete objects.
- Or, only ever use dependency injection, and manually pass that dependency into everything that needs it?
From a purely technical point of view, I would argue that commutable globals (globals that may change), especially in javascript, are dangerous and wrong. Especially since javascript is full of parts of code that get executed asynchronously. Consider the following code:
window.loggedinuser = Users.get("Paul");
addSomeStuffToLoggedinUser();
window.loggedinuser = Users.get("Sam");
doSomeOtherStuffToLoggedinUser();
Now if addSomeStuffToLoggedinUser() executes asynchronously somewhere (e.g. it does an ajax call, and then another ajax call when the first one finishes), it may very well be adding stuff to the new loggedinuser ("Sam"), by the time it gets to the second ajax call. Clearly not what you want.
Having said that, I'm even less of a supporter of having some user object that we hand around all the time from function to function, ad infinitum.
Personally, having to choose between these two evils, I would choose a global scope for things that "very rarely change" --- unless perhaps I was building a nuclear powerstation or something. So, I tend to make the logged in user available globally in my app, taking the risk that if somehow for some reason some call runs very late, and I have a situation where one user logs out and directly the other one logs in, something strange may happen. (then again, if a meteor crashes into the datacenter that hosts my app, something strange may happen as well... I'm not protecting against that either). Actually a possible solution would be to reload the whole app as soon as someone logs out.
So, I guess it all depends on your app. One thing that makes it better (and makes you feel like you're still getting some OO karma points) is to hide your data in some namespaced singleton:
var myuser = MyApp.domain.LoggedinDomain.getLoggedinUser();
doSomethingCoolWith(myuser);
in stead of
doSomethingCoolWith(window.loggedinuser);
although it's pretty much the same thing in the end...
I think you already answered your own question, you just want someone else to say it for you : ) Use DI, but you aren't really "manually" passing that dependency into everything since you need to reference it to use it anyways.
Considering the TDD approach, how would you test this? DI is best for a new project, but JS gives you flexible options to deal with concrete global dependencies when testing, ie: context construction. Going way back, Yahoo laid out a module pattern where all modules were loosely coupled and not dependent on each other, but that it was ok to have global context. That global context can make your app construction more pragmatic for things that are constantly reused. Its just that you need to apply that judiciously/sparingly and there need be very strong cases for those things being dynamic.
Is it a bad practice to have backbone views which do not depend on any kind of templating system?
Of course, this does not mean that any kind of DOM code will be generated by hand, using hardcoded strings within the views. No no no. I can of course cache the basic layout for each view in DOM elements, set to display:none. However, I want to reduce any kind of value setting within the templates themselves. I'd rather do that using jquery, or any other kind of DOM modifier form within the view itself. This way I save myself the constant discrepancies and the countless hours of efforts that I've exposed my apps and myself to, using Mustache, Handelbars, the Underscore templating system, etc. Having all the view logic in one place makes everything much cleaner, at least in my view. It gives a lot of benefits, such as proper partial rendering, value binding, etc, that I'd need tons of days to spend on if I wanted to implement them with mustache or something.
The only problem that I see might occur is whether the constant checks that I'd do with jQuery will be performing fast enough, but I guess that it shouldn't be such a problem at the end.
What do you think? Good? Bad? Practical?
IMHO not using a template engine is not, per-se, a bad design decision.
Template engines are meant to produce cleaner and more maintainable code, if you think not using them produces cleaner and more maintainable code them you can run without them.
I my opinion is better to use template engines but this is just a matter of taste. I also combine the templates with manual DOM modifications through this.$el.find(".my-element").html( "new value" ); for partial updates.
Templates are good. They save you a lot of time coding and allow you to loop over elements and create multiple elements with very little code.
That said if the render is called too much or you destroy and recreate DOM elements/templates, it costs a lot in performance.
I have a PerfView for backbone that can display 1,000,000 models in a scrollview at 120FPS in chrome. The trick is I only render the template once with all the possible nodes I need then change the content in the DOM when the model changes. Also using an object pool for the DOM elements will let you reuse them. Check out the modelMap property on line 237 (https://github.com/puppybits/BackboneJS-PerfView/blob/master/index.html) on how to semi-automate updating an element so you don't overuse a template.
I'm building an AJAX 'web application' where, once the UI is loaded, calls to the server are for 'data exchange' only. As a result a lot of UI manipulation will be done using Javascript. Lets say the Javascript retrieves some data consisting of multiple fields from the server using AJAX. To put it on the screen I can think of multiple approaches -
Call methods like createElement() and appendChild() to build an interface to display the retrieved data
Populate the .innerHTML for the container element then for every data field lookup a container in the newly added HTML and populate it. The data that goes into .innerHTML could be stored in a JS variable or contained in a hidden node, or fetched using a seperate AJAX call.
Have the interface stored in a hidden node. Clone it (using cloneNode()) and put it in the actual container (using appendChild()) and then populate it with fields like in method 2.
and there are probably more ways.
Could you share pros, cons and possible gotachas in these approaches from cross-browser support, performance and coding complexity point of views?
Somewhat related question: Is client-side UI rendering via Javascript a good idea?
Thanks.
ok, let's start off:
Use toolkits
First you would want to invest time learning a JS toolkit. While others suggest native JS is good (which it really is), but you would not want to waste time on building apps that don't work cross-browser or spend too much time testing it. People in the community have invested their time in doing that for you. Show some love to the open community and use their product. I personally use jQuery, but there are others like Dojo and YUI.
But still use native JS whenever possible. It's still faster.
Structure your code
After a toolkit, you need some structure. BackboneJS will take care of that. It's to structure your code so that your code is reusable and well.. won't end up as spaghetti on your screen. Other tools like RequireJS are also useful for those scripts that need other scripts to run.
Templates: From strings to elements
Then, with that, you now have a toolkit but you still need to build the interface. It's better if you use a templating engine like Mustache or Handlebars. These render templates for your UI from strings (yes, plain strings of HTML). Just send over your template data from the server, store it in your app (in a variable or browser localstorage), and reuse it as necessary. No need for cloning hidden nodes!
Don't touch that DOM
As for approaching the DOM, you should touch the DOM only when necessary. DOM is slow, manipulating it is he** slow! that means you should avoid unnecessary animations, avoid excessive element append and remove, as well as changing styles. Check this article about avoiding too much reflow and repaints. Face it, the user won't event notice the round corners of your boxes, or the gradient background and don't even care if you did a slide animation or a fade-out. What they want is to get the job done and not adore the fireworks display.
Also, remove anything that isn't on screen. You might end up having 20% content on screen, and 80% off screen - a waste of memory.
Cache: fetch once, store, use infinitely for later
Now, your app is getting heavy and you want to shave off some HTTP requests. You can do this by caching. I usually use caching mostly on the templates so that every new UI, you don't need to load again from the server. You can do this by storing stuff in an object. you can go a little further and use the browser's localStorage when available.
Caching isn't all for the network. Let's say you have some complex calculations you want to use later, or some text from an unfinished form, use the cache for that too.
Avoid HTTP requests (or at least lighten them up)
While lightening up your app by using AJAX, you will inevitably be tempted to use AJAX just about anywhere - don't abuse it. Often times i see people who aggressively poll the server (every half-second or less). This not only strains the server (too many requests), but also the browser (wasting processing cycles) and the network (bandwidth). There are several practices done these days to avoid added HTTP requests:
Image Spriting - The art of placing a lot of images into one image and using background-position to change the image. Surely beats 100 individual HTTP requests
Use JSON for textual data - AJAX was meant to use XML.. then came along JSON that was a fat-free, platform-independent format of strucured data.
Do not return HTML-formatted data - With exemption of templates, which are HTML strings, you should never return HTML-formatted data over the wire. Have JS do JSON+templates on the client-side instead.
I'm building a similar app (Lightweight CMS)
In my view the approach you take will be dependent on the complexity of data that you are sending from the server > manipulating on the client side > and returning back to the server and db.
The cms that I'm working on is very basic and does not require heavy-duty manupulation on the client side. TinyMCE is as far as it will go.
Initially I was building the client admin area by echoing <input> from php and then collecting the data by parsing the DOM, converting to JSON and AJAX it back to the server (I found this code very helpful)
That of course required the user to hit "save" after editing or adding new data.
I later on decided that I needed something even more responsive and simpler than that so I'm now re-implementing everything for Jeditable which AJAXes the data as soon as the client hits "OK" on that particular field. No "main save" required.
To conclude it's really an area that is pretty uncharted. I mean, it appears to me that people in the industry do not like to blur that line between back-end and front-end and find "one solution" that will do the entire DB>SERVER>CLIENT>SERVER>DB operation.
I'd love to see how you solved your problem.
Just my 2 cents.
I recently ran into a situation where it made sense (at first at least) to have my server-side code not only "print" html, but also some of the javascript on the page (basically making the dynamic browser code dynamic itself). I'm just wondering if there is sometimes a valid need for this or if this can usually be avoided...basically from a theoretical perspective.
Update:
Just to give an idea of what I'm doing. I have a js function which needs to have several (the number is determined by a server-side variable) statements which are generating DOM elements using jQuery. These elements are then being added to the page. So. I am using a server-side loop to loop over the number of elements in my object and inside of this loop (which also happens to be inside of a js function) I am aggregating all of these statements.
Oh and these dom elements are being retreived from an xhr (so the number of xhr requests is itself a server-side dependency) and then processed using jQuery..which helps explain why im not just printing the static html to begin with. Sounds kind of ridiculous I'm sure, but its a complicated UI..still I'm open to criticism.
I can smell some code smell here... if you're having to generate code, it probably means one of:
you are generating code that does different things in different situations
you are generating same kind of functionality, only on different things.
In case 1, your code is trying to do too much. Break your responsibilities into smaller pieces.
In case 2, your code is not generic enough.
Yes there is sometimes a need and it is done often.
Here is a simple usage in an Asp.net like syntax
function SayHi( ){
alert( "Hello <%= UserName %>");
}
Just a suggestion. If your server-side is generating HTML/Javascript, then you're letting view-side logic creep into your server-side. This violates separation of concern if you're following an MVC-style architecture. Why not use a taglib (or something of that nature) or send JSON from the server-side?
One usefull feature is to obfuscate your javascript on the fly.. When combined with a caching mechanism it might actually be useful. But in my opinion javascript generation should be avoided and all serverside variables should be handed to the script from the templates (on class or function init) or retrieved using XMLHTTP requests.
If your application generates javascript code only for data (eq. you want to use data from sql in js), the better practice is to use JSON.
Yes, sometimes for some specific task it may be easier to generate javascript on the fly in a bit complex way, like in rails rjs templates or jsonp responses.
However, with javascript libraries and approaches getting better and better, the need for this is becoming less, a simple example you may have needed to decide on a page whether to loop some elements and apply something or hide another single element, with jquery and other libraries, or even one's own function that handles some complex situation, you can achieve this with a simple condition and a call.
Hey all, I'm looking at building an ajax-heavy site, and I'm trying to spend some time upfront thinking through the architecture.
I'm using Code Igniter and jquery. My initial thought process was to figure out how to replicate MVC on the javascript side, but it seems the M and the C don't really have much of a place.
A lot of the JS would be ajax calls BUT I can see it growing beyond that, with plenty of DOM manipulation, as well as exploring the HTML5 clientside database. How should I think about architecting these files? Does it make sense to pursue MVC? Should I go the jquery plugin route somehow? I'm lost as to how to proceed and I'd love some tips. Thanks all!
I've made an MVC style Javascript program. Complete with M and C. Maybe I made a wrong move, but I ended up authoring my own event dispatcher library. I made sure that the different tiers only communicate using a message protocol that can be translated into pure JSON objects (even though I don't actually do that translation step).
So jquery lives primarily in the V part of the MVC architecture. In the M, and C side, I have primarily code which could run in the stand alone CLI version of spidermonkey, or in the serverside rhino implementation of javascript, if necessary. In this way, if requirements change later, I can have my M and C layers run on the serverside, communicating via those json messages to the V side in the browser. It would only require some modifications to my message dispatcher to change this though. In the future, if browsers get some peer to peer style technologies, I could get the different teirs running in different browsers for instance.
However, at the moment, all three tiers run in a single browser. The event dispatcher I authored allows multicast messages, so implementing an undo feature now will be as simple as creating a new object that simply listens to the messages that need to be undone. Autosaving state to the server is a similar maneuver. I'm able to do full detailed debugging and profiling inside the event dispatcher. I'm able to define exactly how the code runs, and how quickly, when, and where, all from that central bit of code.
Of course the main drawback I've encountered is I haven't done a very good job of managing the complexity of the thing. For that, if I had it all to do over, I would study very very carefully the "Functional Reactive" paradigm. There is one existing implementation of that paradigm in javascript called flapjax. I would ensure that the view layer followed that model of execution, if not used specifically the flapjax library. (i'm not sure flapjax itself is such a great execution of the idea, but the idea itself is important).
The other big implementation of functional reactive, is quartz composer, which comes free with apple's developer tools, (which are free with the purchase of any mac). If that is available to you, have a close look at that, and how it works. (it even has a javascript patch so you can prototype your application with a prebuilt view layer)
The main takaway from the functional reactive paradigm, is to make sure that the view doesn't appear to maintain any kind of state except the one you've just given it to display. To put it in more concrete terms, I started out with "Add an object to the screen" "remove an object from the screen" type messages, and I'm now tending more towards "display this list of objects, and I'll let you figure out the most efficient way to get from the current display, to what I now want you to display". This has eliminated a whole host of bugs having to do with sloppily managed state.
This also gets around another problem I've been having with bugs caused by messages arriving in the wrong order. That's a big one to solve, but you can sidestep it by just sending in one big package the final desired state, rather than a sequence of steps to get there.
Anyways, that's my little rant. Let me know if you have any additional questions about my wartime experience.
At the risk of being flamed I would suggest another framework besides JQuery or else you'll risk hitting its performance ceiling. Its ala-mode plugins will also present a bit of a problem in trying to separate you M, V and C.
Dojo is well known for its Data Stores for binding to server-side data with different transport protocols, and its object oriented, lighting fast widget system that can be easily extended and customized. It has a style that helps guide you into clean, well-divisioned code – though it's not strictly MVC. That would require a little extra planning.
Dojo has a steeper learning curve than JQuery though.
More to your question, The AJAX calls and object (or Data Store) that holds and queries this data would be your Model. The widgets and CSS would be your View. And the Controller would basically be your application code that wires it all together.
In order to keep them separate, I'd recommend a loosely-coupled event-driven system. Try to directly access objects as little as possible, keeping them "black boxed" and get data via custom events or pub/sub topics.
JavaScriptMVC (javascriptmvc.com) is an excellent choice for organizing and developing a large scale JS application.
The architecture design is very practical. There are 4 things you will ever do with JavaScript:
Respond to an event
Request Data / Manipulate Services (Ajax)
Add domain specific information to the ajax response.
Update the DOM
JMVC splits these into the Model, View, Controller pattern.
First, and probably the most important advantage, is the Controller. Controllers use event delegation, so instead of attaching events, you simply create rules for your page. They also use the name of the Controller to limit the scope of what the controller works on. This makes your code deterministic, meaning if you see an event happen in a '#todos' element you know there has to be a todos controller.
$.Controller.extend('TodosController',{
'click' : function(el, ev){ ... },
'.delete mouseover': function(el, ev){ ...}
'.drag draginit' : function(el, ev, drag){ ...}
})
Next comes the model. JMVC provides a powerful Class and basic model that lets you quickly organize Ajax functionality (#2) and wrap the data with domain specific functionality (#3). When complete, you can use models from your controller like:
Todo.findAll({after: new Date()}, myCallbackFunction);
Finally, once your todos come back, you have to display them (#4). This is where you use JMVC's view.
'.show click' : function(el, ev){
Todo.findAll({after: new Date()}, this.callback('list'));
},
list : function(todos){
$('#todos').html( this.view(todos));
}
In 'views/todos/list.ejs'
<% for(var i =0; i < this.length; i++){ %>
<label><%= this[i].description %></label>
<%}%>
JMVC provides a lot more than architecture. It helps you in ever part of the development cycle with:
Code generators
Integrated Browser, Selenium, and Rhino Testing
Documentation
Script compression
Error reporting
I think there is definitely a place for "M" and "C" in JavaScript.
Check out AngularJS.
It helps you with your app structure and strict separation between "view" and "logic".
Designed to work well together with other libs, especially jQuery.
Full testing environment (unit, e2e) + dependency injection included, so testing is piece of cake with AngularJS.
There are a few JavaScript MVC frameworks out there, this one has the obvious name:
http://javascriptmvc.com/