Suppose I have functions like:
function foo() {
}
function bar() {
}
I can write above as Object Literal notation:
var Baz = {
foo: function() {
},
bar: function() {
}
};
As far as I understand in the later case, an instance of Baz will be created when the script loads regardless if any Baz function is ever called. In the former case, function object is only created when that function is called. Am I correct about these assumptions?
If I am correct then the former would have higher performance (less memory) than the later in application where these functions are rarely called.
But the advantage of the later is that it gives greater modularity and lower global namespace pollution.
What is your take on this from your professional experience?
Is there a speed difference?
In the former case, function object is only created when that function is called.
No, the functions are created regardless.
Note that you can also do this:
function foo() {
}
function bar() {
}
var Baz = {
foo: foo,
bar: bar
};
Or this:
var Baz = (function() {
function foo() {
}
function bar() {
}
return {
foo: foo,
bar: bar
};
})();
The primary purpose of putting the functions on Baz as properties is to make them available as "methods" on Baz. This might be for convenience, for "namespacing", etc. In your first form (and my first form above), if that code is at global scope, foo and bar are added to the global scope, which can get pretty crowded pretty fast (esp. on browsers). In your second example, the only global symbol is Baz because the functions are anonymous. In my final example above, the only global symbol is Baz but the functions aren't anonymous, they have names that debuggers and stack traces can show you (which is a good thing; more here).
In terms of trying to optimize when functions get created, here's how it works: When execution enters a given context (the global context, or the context related to calling a function), these things are done:
A behind-the-scenes execution context object is created.
A behind-the-scenes variable object for that execution context is created.
In the case of a function context:
A property is added to the variable object for arguments (the array-like thing you can use to access arguments)
A property is added to the variable object for each of the function's named arguments, with the value of the argument
If the function has a name, its name is added as a property of the variable object and has the value of the function object.
Properties are created on the variable object for each variable declared with var in the execution context; their values are initially undefined (regardless of whether the var has an initializer on it).
Every function declaration in the context is processed. (Function expressions are not processed yet; more on the difference below.) A property on the variable object for each function name is created and receives the function object as its value.
Step-by-step code execution begins.
Like all expressions, function expressions are evaluated when they're encountered in the step-by-step flow.
var statements that have initializers (e.g., var a = 2;) are treated exactly like assignment statements (a = 2;); the var aspect of it was done much earlier. (var is frequently misunderstood. For instance, we had this question just yesterday.)
You'll note the difference above between function declarations and function expressions. You can tell which is which by looking to see whether you're using the result as a right hand value — that is, are you assigning the result to a variable, using it as the right-hand side of a property definition in an object literal, or passing it into a function. If you are, it's a function expression. If you're not, it's a function declaration.
Function declaration example:
function foo() {
}
Function expression example:
var foo = function() {
};
Another:
var Baz = {
foo: function() { }
};
(The foo line is a property declaration in an object literal that uses a function expression for the value.)
Named function expression example:
var f = function foo() { // <== Don't do this (more below)
};
Named function expressions should be valid, but they're poorly-supported by implementations in the wild (particularly IE) and so for now they must be avoided. More here.
Related
We have two different way for doing function expression in JavaScript:
Named function expression (NFE):
var boo = function boo () {
alert(1);
};
Anonymous function expression:
var boo = function () {
alert(1);
};
And both of them can be called with boo();. I really can't see why/when I should use anonymous functions and when I should use Named Function Expressions. What difference is there between them?
In the case of the anonymous function expression, the function is anonymous — literally, it has no name. The variable you're assigning it to has a name, but the function does not. (Update: That was true through ES5. As of ES2015 [aka ES6], often a function created with an anonymous expression gets a true name [but not an automatic identifier], read on...)
Names are useful. Names can be seen in stack traces, call stacks, lists of breakpoints, etc. Names are a Good Thing™.
(You used to have to beware of named function expressions in older versions of IE [IE8 and below], because they mistakenly created two completely separate function objects at two completely different times [more in my blog article Double take]. If you need to support IE8 [!!], it's probably best to stick with anonymous function expressions or function declarations, but avoid named function expressions.)
One key thing about a named function expression is that it creates an in-scope identifier with that name for the function within the functon body:
var x = function example() {
console.log(typeof example); // "function"
};
x();
console.log(typeof example); // "undefined"
As of ES2015, though, a lot of "anonymous" function expressions create functions with names, and this was predated by various modern JavaScript engines being quite smart about inferring names from context. In ES2015, your anonymous function expression results in a function with the name boo. However, even with ES2015+ semantics, the automatic identifier is not created:
var obj = {
x: function() {
console.log(typeof x); // "undefined"
console.log(obj.x.name); // "x"
},
y: function y() {
console.log(typeof y); // "function"
console.log(obj.y.name); // "y"
}
};
obj.x();
obj.y();
The assignment fo the function's name is done with the SetFunctionName abstract operation used in various operations in the spec.
The short version is basically any time an anonymous function expression appears on the right-hand side of something like an assignment or initialization, like:
var boo = function() { /*...*/ };
(or it could be let or const rather than var), or
var obj = {
boo: function() { /*...*/ }
};
or
doSomething({
boo: function() { /*...*/ }
});
(those last two are really the same thing), the resulting function will have a name (boo, in the examples).
There's an important, and intentional, exception: Assigning to a property on an existing object:
obj.boo = function() { /*...*/ }; // <== Does not get a name
This was because of information leak concerns raised when the new feature was going through the process of being added; details in my answer to another question here.
Naming functions is useful if they need to reference themselves (e.g. for recursive calls). Indeed, if you are passing a literal function expression as an argument directly to another function, that function expression cannot directly reference itself in ES5 strict mode unless it is named.
For example, consider this code:
setTimeout(function sayMoo() {
alert('MOO');
setTimeout(sayMoo, 1000);
}, 1000);
It would be impossible to write this code quite this cleanly if the function expression passed to setTimeout were anonymous; we would need to assign it to a variable instead prior to the setTimeout call. This way, with a named function expression, is slightly shorter and neater.
It was historically possible to write code like this even using an anonymous function expression, by exploiting arguments.callee...
setTimeout(function () {
alert('MOO');
setTimeout(arguments.callee, 1000);
}, 1000);
... but arguments.callee is deprecated, and is outright forbidden in ES5 strict mode. Hence MDN advises:
Avoid using arguments.callee() by either giving function expressions a name or use a function declaration where a function must call itself.
(emphasis mine)
You should always use named function expressions, that's why:
You can use the name of that function when you need recursion.
Anonymous functions doesn't help when debugging as you can't see the name of the function that causes problems.
When you do not name a function, later on its harder to understand what it's doing. Giving it a name makes it easier to understand.
var foo = function bar() {
//some code...
};
foo();
bar(); // Error!
Here, for example, because the name bar is used within a function expression, it doesn't get declared in the outer scope. With named function expressions, the name of the function expression is enclosed within its own scope.
If a function is specified as a Function Expression, it can be given a name.
It will only be available inside the function (except IE8-).
var f = function sayHi(name) {
alert( sayHi ); // Inside the function you can see the function code
};
alert( sayHi ); // (Error: undefined variable 'sayHi')
This name is intended for a reliable recursive function call, even if it is written to another variable.
In addition, the NFE (Named Function Expression) name CAN be overwritten with the Object.defineProperty(...) method as follows:
var test = function sayHi(name) {
Object.defineProperty(test, 'name', { value: 'foo', configurable: true });
alert( test.name ); // foo
};
test();
Note: that with the Function Declaration this can not be done. This "special" internal function name is specified only in the Function Expression syntax.
Using named function expressions is better, when you want to be able to reference the function in question without having to rely on deprecated features such as arguments.callee.
We have two different way for doing function expression in JavaScript:
Named function expression (NFE):
var boo = function boo () {
alert(1);
};
Anonymous function expression:
var boo = function () {
alert(1);
};
And both of them can be called with boo();. I really can't see why/when I should use anonymous functions and when I should use Named Function Expressions. What difference is there between them?
In the case of the anonymous function expression, the function is anonymous — literally, it has no name. The variable you're assigning it to has a name, but the function does not. (Update: That was true through ES5. As of ES2015 [aka ES6], often a function created with an anonymous expression gets a true name [but not an automatic identifier], read on...)
Names are useful. Names can be seen in stack traces, call stacks, lists of breakpoints, etc. Names are a Good Thing™.
(You used to have to beware of named function expressions in older versions of IE [IE8 and below], because they mistakenly created two completely separate function objects at two completely different times [more in my blog article Double take]. If you need to support IE8 [!!], it's probably best to stick with anonymous function expressions or function declarations, but avoid named function expressions.)
One key thing about a named function expression is that it creates an in-scope identifier with that name for the function within the functon body:
var x = function example() {
console.log(typeof example); // "function"
};
x();
console.log(typeof example); // "undefined"
As of ES2015, though, a lot of "anonymous" function expressions create functions with names, and this was predated by various modern JavaScript engines being quite smart about inferring names from context. In ES2015, your anonymous function expression results in a function with the name boo. However, even with ES2015+ semantics, the automatic identifier is not created:
var obj = {
x: function() {
console.log(typeof x); // "undefined"
console.log(obj.x.name); // "x"
},
y: function y() {
console.log(typeof y); // "function"
console.log(obj.y.name); // "y"
}
};
obj.x();
obj.y();
The assignment fo the function's name is done with the SetFunctionName abstract operation used in various operations in the spec.
The short version is basically any time an anonymous function expression appears on the right-hand side of something like an assignment or initialization, like:
var boo = function() { /*...*/ };
(or it could be let or const rather than var), or
var obj = {
boo: function() { /*...*/ }
};
or
doSomething({
boo: function() { /*...*/ }
});
(those last two are really the same thing), the resulting function will have a name (boo, in the examples).
There's an important, and intentional, exception: Assigning to a property on an existing object:
obj.boo = function() { /*...*/ }; // <== Does not get a name
This was because of information leak concerns raised when the new feature was going through the process of being added; details in my answer to another question here.
Naming functions is useful if they need to reference themselves (e.g. for recursive calls). Indeed, if you are passing a literal function expression as an argument directly to another function, that function expression cannot directly reference itself in ES5 strict mode unless it is named.
For example, consider this code:
setTimeout(function sayMoo() {
alert('MOO');
setTimeout(sayMoo, 1000);
}, 1000);
It would be impossible to write this code quite this cleanly if the function expression passed to setTimeout were anonymous; we would need to assign it to a variable instead prior to the setTimeout call. This way, with a named function expression, is slightly shorter and neater.
It was historically possible to write code like this even using an anonymous function expression, by exploiting arguments.callee...
setTimeout(function () {
alert('MOO');
setTimeout(arguments.callee, 1000);
}, 1000);
... but arguments.callee is deprecated, and is outright forbidden in ES5 strict mode. Hence MDN advises:
Avoid using arguments.callee() by either giving function expressions a name or use a function declaration where a function must call itself.
(emphasis mine)
You should always use named function expressions, that's why:
You can use the name of that function when you need recursion.
Anonymous functions doesn't help when debugging as you can't see the name of the function that causes problems.
When you do not name a function, later on its harder to understand what it's doing. Giving it a name makes it easier to understand.
var foo = function bar() {
//some code...
};
foo();
bar(); // Error!
Here, for example, because the name bar is used within a function expression, it doesn't get declared in the outer scope. With named function expressions, the name of the function expression is enclosed within its own scope.
If a function is specified as a Function Expression, it can be given a name.
It will only be available inside the function (except IE8-).
var f = function sayHi(name) {
alert( sayHi ); // Inside the function you can see the function code
};
alert( sayHi ); // (Error: undefined variable 'sayHi')
This name is intended for a reliable recursive function call, even if it is written to another variable.
In addition, the NFE (Named Function Expression) name CAN be overwritten with the Object.defineProperty(...) method as follows:
var test = function sayHi(name) {
Object.defineProperty(test, 'name', { value: 'foo', configurable: true });
alert( test.name ); // foo
};
test();
Note: that with the Function Declaration this can not be done. This "special" internal function name is specified only in the Function Expression syntax.
Using named function expressions is better, when you want to be able to reference the function in question without having to rely on deprecated features such as arguments.callee.
In a comment on another thread I started, someone said this:
#adlwalrus yes. try this: var foo = function bar(){}; console.log(foo); But be aware that bar is only function name (what does it mean I'm not sure exactly myself) and not a reference to it, so you can't call it by doing bar(). And assigning (even named function) is not the same as declaring a function. Hoisting (bumping to top of the scope) only works for declarations, assignment will stay in place. – valentinas 6 hours ago
What purpose does a function name serve if you can't call it with bar()?
For the function to call itself.
var x = function y(val){
if (val){
console.log(val);
y(val-1);
}
};
x(5);
> 3
> 2
> 1
y(3);
> ReferenceError: y is not defined
You're referring to a named function expression. The spec requires that the name of such functions only be available within the scope of the new function. Spec quote:
The Identifier in a FunctionExpression can be referenced from inside
the FunctionExpression's FunctionBody to allow the function to call
itself recursively. However, unlike in a FunctionDeclaration, the
Identifier in a FunctionExpression cannot be referenced from and does
not affect the scope enclosing the FunctionExpression.
On the other hand, the result of that expression is a reference to the new function, which can be saved and referenced anywhere.
Lots of details here:
http://kangax.github.com/nfe/#named-expr
I'd read the whole thing.
As for benefits, another is that it makes them easier to identify in a debugger.
There are two ways to create a function in JavaScript, a "function declaration" and a "function expression." I believe it was Doug Crockford who explained it best when he pointed out that unless "function" is the very first set of characters on a given line, you're performing a function expression (not a declaration).
Function declarations are finicky creatures. You'll recognize them when you see them. They look like this:
function foo() { /* ... */ }
They're always given a name (it's requited) and the name is locally scoped to the lexical context under which the function is declared. So if you perform a function declaration in the global context, then the function can be referenced via it's name globally. If you do it within a function, the function's name can be referenced only within that function and any functions declared within that function.
I think the most important aspect of this method of declaring a function (one that is rarely commented on) is that the function initialization gets hoisted to the top of the current lexical context. Therefore, you should never, ever use a function declaration within a conditional, such as this:
//DON'T DO THIS!
if (x) {
function foo() { return 1; }
} else {
function foo() { return 2; }
}
foo(); //will always be 2, regardless of the value of x.
A function expression is slightly different. Often, they're directly assigned to a variable, like so:
var foo = function() { /* ... */ };
This is nearly identical to the function declaration above except that the initialization is not hoisted. So you can do the following:
var foo;
if (x) {
foo = function() { return 1; };
} else {
foo = function() { return 2; };
}
foo(); //will be 1 or 2, depending on the truthy-ness of x.
So, back to the original question. Function expressions can also have a name, though it's not required and it's not scoped to the context in which the function is declared (as with function declarations). Instead, it gets scoped to the function's own lexical context. This is very useful in some cases. My personal favorite is this pattern:
(function foo() {
//Do something.
setTimeout(foo, 1000);
}());
foo; //undefined
Because of the parenthesis before the word "function", this is a function expression and the name is scoped internally only. But that's okay, because we only need to call it internally (via setTimeout()). The result is that the function will execute once immediately, then will re-execute every second or so after it's finishes execution. This is safer than using setInterval() because it will wait until it's done executing before rescheduling itself, preventing overlaps that could cause missed executions and/or "domination" of the JavaScript thread.
Essentially, the use of a named function expression is limited, but when you need it, it's very powerful.
This question already has answers here:
Closed 10 years ago.
Possible Duplicate:
JavaScript: var functionName = function() {} vs function functionName() {}
There are two possible methods for pulling out a function in Javascript:
var foo = function() { ... }
This is a bit contrived; another common pattern is:
var foo = {
baz: 43,
doSomething: function() {
// ...
}
}
versus
function foo() {
// ...
}
Is there an explicit reason to prefer one or the other?
It all comes down to preference to where you declare your functions; hoisting.
Function declarations and variable declarations are always moved ("hoisted") invisibly to the top of their containing scope by the JavaScript interpreter. Function parameters and language-defined names are, obviously, already there. This means that code like this:
function foo() {
bar();
var x = 1;
}
is actually interpreted like this:
function foo() {
var x;
bar();
x = 1;
}
Notice that the assignment portion of the declarations were not hoisted. Only the name is hoisted. This is not the case with function declarations, where the entire function body will be hoisted as well.
function test() {
foo(); // TypeError "foo is not a function"
bar(); // "this will run!"
var foo = function () { // function expression assigned to local variable 'foo'
alert("this won't run!");
}
function bar() { // function declaration, given the name 'bar'
alert("this will run!");
}
}
test();
In this case, only the function declaration has its body hoisted to the top. The name 'foo' is hoisted, but the body is left behind, to be assigned during execution.
You can give names to functions defined in function expressions, with syntax like a function declaration. This does not make it a function declaration, and the name is not brought into scope, nor is the body hoisted.
foo(); // TypeError "foo is not a function"
bar(); // valid
baz(); // TypeError "baz is not a function"
bin(); // ReferenceError "bin is not defined"
var foo = function () {}; // anonymous function expression ('foo' gets hoisted)
function bar() {}; // function declaration ('bar' and the function body get hoisted)
var baz = function bin() {}; // named function expression (only 'baz' gets hoisted)
foo(); // valid
bar(); // valid
baz(); // valid
bin(); // ReferenceError "bin is not defined"
So, if your preference is to have functions hoist to the top use a function declaration otherwise use expression. I prefer the latter as I typically build object literals with methods as function expressions.
Named function expressions can be handy when errors are thrown. The console will tell you what the function is instead of stating anonymous aka stack trace.
You've hit on a couple different things here, but I'll try to hit your main question first.
In general....
function() { ... } is a function expression. Syntaxically this is on the same level as 2 or [4,5]. This represents a value. So doing var foo=function(){ ... } will work as planned, every time.
function foo() { ... } is a function declaration. This might seem to do the same thing as var foo=function(){...}, but there's a small caveat. As its a declaration, it works similar to the concept of variable hoisting in JS (basically, all variable declarations are done before any expressions are evaluated).
A good example is from here:
function test() {
foo(); // TypeError "foo is not a function"
bar(); // "this will run!"
var foo = function () { // function expression assigned to local variable 'foo'
alert("this won't run!");
}
function bar() { // function declaration, given the name 'bar'
alert("this will run!");
}
}
test();
Basically variable hoisting has brought the value up to the top, so this code is equivalent (in theory) to :
function test() {
var foo;//foo hoisted to top
var bar=function(){//this as well
alert("this will run!");
}
foo(); // TypeError "foo is not a function"
bar(); // "this will run!"
var foo = function () { // function expression assigned to local variable 'foo'
alert("this won't run!");
}
}
NB: I'd like to take this spot to say that JS interpreters have a hard time following theory, so trusting them on somewhat iffy behaviour is not recommended. Here you'll find a good example at the end of a section where theory and practice end up not working (there are also some more details on the topic of expressions vs declarations).
Fun fact: wrapping function foo() {...} in parentheses transforms it from a declaration to an expression, which can lead to some weird looking code like
(function foo() { return 1; })();// 1
foo; //ReferenceError: foo is not defined
Don't do this if you don't have a reason to, please.
Summary var foo=function(){ ... } is *sorta kinda * the same as function foo(){ ... } except that the former does what you think it does where you think it should whereas the latter does weird stuff unless you wrap it in parens, but that messes up the scope, and JS interpreters allow you to do things that are considered syntax errors in the spec so you're led to believe that wrong things are in fact right, etc....
please use function expressions( var f=function(){...} ). There's no real reason not to, especially considering you're somewhat forced to do it when you're using dot syntax.
On to the second thing you touched.....
I'm not really sure what to say, it's kinda sorta completely different from everything else about this.
var foo = {
baz: 43,
doSomething:function() {
...
}
}
this is known as object literal syntax. JSON, which is based off of this syntax, is a pretty neat way of formatting data, and this syntax in JS is often used to declare new objects, with singleton objects for example(avoiding all the mess with declaring a function and using new ). It can also be used in the same way XML is used, and is preferred by all the cool kids...
Anyways, basically object literal syntax works like this:
{ name1: val1, .... namek:valk }
This expression is an object with certain values initialised on it. so doing var obj={ name1: val1, .... namek:valk } means that :
obj.name1==val1;
obj['name1']==val1;// x['y'] is the same thing as x.y
...
obj.namek==valk;
So what does this have to do with our example? Basically your expression is often used to declare singleton objects. But it can also be used to declare an object prototype, so someone can later do var newObj=Object.create(foo) , and newObj will have foo as a prototype.
Look into prototypal inheritence in detail if you want to really get how useful it is. Douglas Crockford talks about it in detail in one of his many talks).
There are few advantages to naming functions
names for meta analysis. functionInstance.name will show you the name.
Far more importantly, the name will be printed in stack traces.
names also help write self documenting or literate code.
There is a single disadvantage to named functions expressions
IE has memory leaks for NFE
There are no disadvantages to function declarations apart from less stylistic control
Your question really comprises of two parts, as you don't necessarily have to make your functions anonymous if they are assigned to a variable or property.
Named vs anonymous?
#Raynos highlights the main points clearly. The best part about named functions is that they will show themselves in a stack trace. Even in situations where functions are being assigned to variables/properties, it's a good idea to give your functions a name just to aid with debugging, however I wouldn't say anonymous functions are evil at all. They do serve a fine purpose:
Are anonymous functions a bad practice in JavaScript?
Function declaration vs function expression?
For that part of the question I would refer you to this question as it probably covers the topic in far more depth than I can
var functionName = function() {} vs function functionName() {}
Let's say I have these two functions:
function fnChanger(fn) {
fn = function() { sys.print('Changed!'); }
}
function foo() {
sys.print('Unchanged');
}
Now, if I call foo(), I see Unchanged, as expected. However, if I call fnChanger first, I still see Unchanged:
fnChanger(foo);
foo(); //Unchanged
Now, I assume this is because foo is not being passed to fnChanger by reference, but I may be wrong.
Why does fnChanger not change foo to print Changed!?
Furthermore, how can I get fnChanger to change foo without too much messy syntax?
PS: I'm using node.js to test all this stuff, so that's where the sys.print comes from.
The assignment to the fn argument just makes that identifier to point to the anonymous function, foo in the outer scope is not affected.
When you pass an object as an argument, one can say "references are passed by value". The assignment just replaces the location where the fn identifier refers to.
That's how the evaluation strategy works in JavaScript.
Just before the assignment in the fnChanger functions, the two identifiers, the global foo and the fn argument, point to the same function object:
---------------------------------------------
foo -----> |function foo { sys.print('Un changed!'); } |
---------------------------------------------
^
|
fn -------------
After the assignment, fn will simply point to the new function:
---------------------------------------------
foo -----> | function foo { sys.print('Unchanged!'); } |
---------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------
fn ------> | function { sys.print('Changed!'); } |
---------------------------------------
How could you change it?
Well, assuming that foo is a function in the global scope, you could do something like this:
function fnChanger(obj, name) {
obj[name] = function() { sys.print('Changed!'); };
}
function foo() {
sys.print('Unchanged');
}
fnChanger(this, 'foo');
foo(); // Changed!
The above will work because in the fnChanger function, we require a base object and a property name, functions declared in the global execution context are bound as properties of the Global object, therefore we can re-assign its value in that way.
The line fnChanger(this, 'foo'); should be executed also in the Global scope, it will pass the this value (which refers to the Global object in this scope) and a property name, allowing you to make an assignment to the GlobalObject.foo identifier.
If that code were inside a function, there is no way we can get a base object, because in this "Function Code Execution Context", function declarations (variable declarations and function formal parameters also) are bound as properties of a non-accessible object, called the Variable Object (a chain of these Variable Objects, forms the Scope Chain), and if it were the case, the only workaround would be to use eval.
More info:
ECMA-262-3 in detail. Chapter 8. Evaluation strategy.
As #CMS pointed out you cannot assign it within the function due to the scope. However you could reassign it like this:
var fnChanger = function() {
return function() {
alert('changed!');
}
}
var foo = function() {
alert('Unchanged');
}
foo = fnChanger();
foo();
example
There is an elegant way around it
function fnChanger(fn_holder) {
fn_holder["fn"] = function() { console.log('Changed!'); }
}
function foo() {
console.log('Unchanged');
}
const foo_holder = {fn: foo}
fnChanger(foo_holder);
foo_holder["fn"](); // Changed!
Short explanation:
Pass a higher level reference foo_holder to fnChange like a hash (or an array).
Reassign your element in side the hash foo_holder["fn"] to a new value. This will change where the inner reference is pointing instead of creating a new reference.
Then you're good to have fun with your updated function.
In Javascript, functions are first class objects that can be treated just as another variable. But for the function to return its result, it has to be first invoked.
When you are invoking the fnChanger(foo), the fn variable actually gets overridden with foo().
But you are not getting the result because that function was never invoked. Try returning it and invoking as given below and you will the required answer.
function fnChanger(fn) {
fn = function() {
console.log('Changed!');
}
return fn;
}
function foo() {
console.log('Unchanged');
}
fnChanger(foo)();
foo();